Catalog of Parasitoids and Predators Introduced into North America since 1985 for Classical Biological Control of Invasive Insects or Mites.
| 1. Release Type | 2. Natural enemy | 3. Year/Place Released | 4. Target pest | 5. Host Range Evidence | 6. Specificity | 7. Outcomes | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parasitoid | Acerophagus papayae Noyes and Schauff Encyrtidae For species description, see Noyes and Schauff (2003). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 2000 USA, Florida (from Mexico) (UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated) | Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara De Willink Pseudococcidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. No other host records in literature. Noyes (2017) lists no other hosts. | Family or lower Pseudococcidae (known only from the target pest) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Florida, USA (UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated; Amarasekare et al., 2009). Establishment:Established in Florida (UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated; Amarasekare et al., 2009). Impact:In a cage exclusion test after parasitoid establishment, a cohort of mealybugs was reduced by exposure to parasitism by 58% in the open-sleeve cage (vs. closed cage) and by 73% in the no-cage treatment. Two parasitoids contributed to control (A. papayae and Anagyrus loecki Noyes and Menzes), but 93% of parasitism was due to A. papayae (Amarasekare et al., 2009). | Amarasekare et al., 2009 Noyes and Schauff, 2003 Noyes, 2017 UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated |
| Parasitoid | Acerophagus papayae Noyes and Schauff Encyrtidae For species description, see Noyes and Schauff (2003). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 2000 USA, Puerto Rico (from Mexico via Florida USA quarantine) (UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated) | Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara De Willink Pseudococcidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. No other host records in literature. Noyes (2017) lists no other hosts. | Family or lower Pseudococcidae (known only from the target pest) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Puerto Rico (UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated). Establishment:Established in Puerto Rico (UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated). Impact:A group of 5 parasitoids were released and suppressed the mealybug density by 97%, with parasitism levels of 35–58% (Mani et al., 2012 [original sources unpub.]). The dominant parasitoid was Acerophagus sp. (Mani et al., 2012 [original sources unpub.]), later described as A. papaya (Noyes and Schauff, 2003). | Mani et al., 2012 Noyes and Schauff, 2003 Noyes, 2017 UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated |
| Parasitoid | Acerophagus papayae Noyes and Schauff Encyrtidae For species description, see Noyes and Schauff (2003). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 2002 USA, Guam (from Mexico via Florida USA quarantine via Puerto Rico) (G. Reddy, pers. comm.; Meyerdirk et al., 2004) | Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara De Willink Pseudococcidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. No other host records in literature. Noyes (2017) lists no other hosts. | Family or lower Pseudococcidae (known only from the target pest) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Guam (G. Reddy, pers. comm.; Meyerdirk et al., 2004). Establishment:Established in Guam (G. Reddy, pers. comm.; Meyerdirk et al., 2004). Impact:In Guam, within 1 year, the mealybug density was reduced by 99% due to the group of parasitoids released (Meyerdirk et al., 2004). | G. Reddy, pers. comm. Meyerdirk et al., 2004 Noyes and Schauff, 2003 Noyes, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Adelencyrtus oceanicus Doutt Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists two synonyms: Adelencyrtus oceanica (Doutt]) and Anabrolepis oceanica Doutt. | 1988–1989 USA, Guam (from two of the western Caroline Islands, Ulithi and Koror, [Muniappan and Marutani, 1989]; see also Doutt [1951] for original location of species detection and description) | Furcaspis oceanica (Lindinger) Diaspididae | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. No other host records in literature. Noyes (2017) lists no other hosts. | Unknown | E+/I+ Release:Released in Guam (Muniappan and Marutani, 1989). Establishment:Established in Guam (Lali and Muniappan, 1996). Impact:In a 2002 survey (Muniappan et al., 2003), the released parasitoid, A. oceanicus, was found throughout Guam and the red coconut scale, F. oceanica, was at very low levels compared to a similar survey done in 1996 (Lali and Muniappan, 1996), and high rates of parasitism by A. oceanicus were detected in 2002 (Muniappan et al., 2003). | Doutt, 1951 Lali and Muniappan, 1996 Muniappan and Marutani, 1989 Muniappan et al., 2003 Noyes, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovskaya Encyrtidae For species description, see Logvinovskaya (1983). The Taiwanese population known as A. citricola is likely a distinct species within a cryptic species complex Hoy et al., 2000). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1994 USA, Florida (from Thailand via Australia) (Smith and Hoy, 1995) | Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton Gracillariidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done relative to U.S. species before release. Specificity assumed based on testing in Australia against that fauna. For Australia, 0 non-target species were attacked from a test list including 1 Phyllocnistis leafminer, 4 gracillariid leafminers in other genera, and 14 other foliovores, leafminers, or gall makers in other families (Neale et al., 1995). No other host records in literature. Noyes (2017) lists no other hosts. | Unknown in relation to North American fauna | E+/I+ Release:Released in Florida, USA (Smith and Hoy, 1995; Hoy and Nguyen, 1997). Establishment:Established in Florida (Pomerinke and Stansly, 1998). Impact:Life table analysis showed that overall mortality was about 89% for the pest, dominated by ant predation on younger larvae. Ageniaspis citricola was the dominant parasitoid on older larvae (8–29%) but this was insufficient to check pest population growth in citrus, with a remaining innate rate of increase of about 2.8-fold per generation (Xiao et al., 2007). A similar study in Alabama (USA) again found predators to play a larger role than parasitoids in lifetables for this pest (Xiao and Fadamiro, 2010). However, a study by Hoy et al. (2007a) in central Florida citrus found that this parasitoid caused 33–39% mortality in leafminers in the summer flush and was an important mortality factor in the system. See also Michaud (2002a) for more on separating contributions of native predators and introduced parasitoids in this system. | Hoy and Nguyen, 1997 Hoy et al., 2000 Hoy et al., 2007a Logvinovskaya, 1983 Michaud, 2002a Neale et al., 1995 Noyes, 2017 Pomerinke and Stansly, 1998 Smith and Hoy, 1995 Xiao and Fadamiro, 2010 Xiao et al., 2007 |
| Parasitoid | Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovskaya Encyrtidae For species description, see Logvinovskaya (1983). The Taiwanese population known as A. citricola is likely a distinct species within a cryptic species complex Hoy et al., 2000). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1997–1999 Mexico: Colima (1997), Veracruz (1999) (from Thailand via Australia via Florida USA) (Bautista-Martínez et al., 2008) | Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton Gracillariidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done relative to Mexican species before release. Specificity assumed based on testing in Australia against that fauna. For Australia, 0 non-target species were attacked from a test list including 1 Phyllocnistis leafminer, 4 gracillariid leafminers in other genera, and 14 other foliovores, leafminers, or gall makers in other families (Neale et al., 1995). No other host records in literature. Noyes (2017) lists no other hosts. | Unknown in relation to North American fauna | E+/I- Release:Released in Mexico (Bautista-Martínez et al., 2008). Establishment:Established in Colima, but not in Veracruz (Bautista-Martínez et al., 2008). Impact:In Colima, rates of parasitism of 6–12% resulted, but it was judged that the introduction had limited impact on the pest’s density (Bautista-Martínez et al., 2008). | Bautista-Martínez et al., 2008 Hoy et al., 2000 Logvinovskaya, 1983 Neale et al., 1995 Noyes, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Ageniaspis fuscicollis (Dalman) Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists various synonyms, principally (1) Ageniaspis praysincola Silvestri, (2) Encyrtus cyanocephalus (Bouché), (3) Encyrtus cyanocephalus Goureau, (4) Encyrtus fuscicollis Dalman, (5) Holcothorax fuscicollis (Dalman), (6) Pteromalus cyanocephalus Bouché, and other minor variations on the above. | 1987–1990 Canada, British Columbia (from Switzerland) (Cossentine and Kuhlmann, 2002) | Yponomeuta malinellus (Zeller) Yponomeutidae Given formerly as Hyponomeuta malinellus | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Known literature hosts include twelve yponomeutids and one acrolepiid: (1) Yponomeuta padella L. (Hamiti et al., 2011); (2) Prays oleae (Bernard) (Kos and Trdan, 2011); (3) Yponomeuta evonymellus (L.) (Lee and Pemberton, 2009); (4) Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller (Lee and Pemberton, 2007); (5–8) as laboratory hosts: Yponomeuta cagnagellus (Hübner), Yponomeuta rorellus (Hübner), Yponomeuta evonymellus, and Yponomeuta padellus (probably padella) (Cleary and van Ginkel, 2004); (9) Yponomeuta mahalebellus Gershenzon (Slavgorodskaya-Kurpieva, 1986); (10) Argyresthia pruniella (Cl.) (Govoni, 1982); (11–12) Yponomeuta irrorellus (Hübner) and Yponomeuta plumbellus (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Mamedov and Makhmudova-Kurbanova, 1982); (13) Yponomeuta cagnagella (Hubner) (=Yponomeuta cognatellus) (Nenon, 1976); and (14), as a laboratory host, the acrolepiid moth Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zell.) (Pralavorio et al., 1977). Noyes (2017) lists 18 species of yponomeutids in 7 genera: 2 species of tortricids, 1 noctuid, and 2 coccids. The coccid records may need confirmation. | Family? Yponomeutidae (12 species in 3 genera, plus 1 species in another family used in laboratory mass-rearing) | E+/I+ Release:Released in British Columbia, Canada (Cossentine and Kuhlmann, 2002). Establishment:Established in British Columbia (Cossentine and Kuhlmann, 2002). Impact:A correlative study showed an inverse relationship between parasitism by this species and pest density (Cossentine and Kuhlmann, 2000), with parasitism of the target pest up to 23% (Cossentine and Kuhlmann, 2007). | Cleary and van Ginkel, 2004 Cossentine and Kuhlmann, 2000 Cossentine and Kuhlmann, 2002 Cossentine and Kuhlmann, 2007 Govoni, 1982 Hamiti et al., 2011 Kos and Trdan, 2011 Lee and Pemberton, 2007 Lee and Pemberton, 2009 Mamedov and Makhmudova-Kurbanova, 1982 Nenon, 1976 Noyes, 2017 Pralavorio et al., 1977 Slavgorodskaya-Kurpieva, 1986 Unruh et al., 2003 |
| Parasitoid | Ageniaspis fuscicollis (Dalman) Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists various synonyms, principally (1) Ageniaspis praysincola Silvestri,(2) Encyrtus cyanocephalus (Bouché), (3) Encyrtus cyanocephalus Goureau, (4) Encyrtus fuscicollis Dalman, (5) Holcothorax fuscicollis (Dalman), (6) Pteromalus cyanocephalus Bouché, and other minor variations on the above. | 1988–1991 USA, Washington state (from France, South Korea, China, and Russia) (Unruh et al., 2003) | Yponomeuta malinellus (Zeller) Yponomeutidae Given formerly as Hyponomeuta malinellus | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Known literature hosts include twelve yponomeutids and one acrolepiid: (1) Yponomeuta padella L. (Hamiti et al., 2011); (2) Prays oleae (Bernard) (Kos and Trdan, 2011); (3) Yponomeuta evonymellus (L.) (Lee and Pemberton, 2009); (4) Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller (Lee and Pemberton, 2007); (5–8) as laboratory hosts: Yponomeuta cagnagellus (Hübner), Yponomeuta rorellus (Hübner), Yponomeuta evonymellus, and Yponomeuta padellus (probably padella) (Cleary and van Ginkel, 2004); (9) Yponomeuta mahalebellus Gershenzon (Slavgorodskaya-Kurpieva, 1986); (10) Argyresthia pruniella (Cl.) (Govoni, 1982); (11–12) Yponomeuta irrorellus (Hübner) and Yponomeuta plumbellus (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Mamedov and Makhmudova-Kurbanova, 1982); (13) Yponomeuta cagnagella (Hubner) (=Yponomeuta cognatellus) (Nenon, 1976); and (14), as a laboratory host, the acrolepiid moth Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zell.) (Pralavorio et al., 1977). Noyes (2017) lists 18 species of yponomeutids in 7 genera: 2 species of tortricids, 1 noctuid, and 2 coccids. The coccid records may need confirmation. | Family? Yponomeutidae (12 species in 3 genera, plus 1 species in another family used in laboratory mass-rearing) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Washington state, USA (Unruh et al., 2003). Establishment:Established in Washington state (Unruh et al., 2003). Impact:Parasitism of the pest at 22 monitored sites in Washington increased from <5% in 1989 to nearly 25% after A. fuscicollis established and spread (by 1993), with more than 90% of the total parasitism being due to the introduced species. This increase in parasitism was accompanied by a decline in catch of male moths in pheromone traps from 10 per trap per day to about 1 per trap by 1995, suggesting substantial control of the pest over the 1989–1995 period (Unruh et al., 2003). | Cleary and van Ginkel, 2004 Cossentine and Kuhlmann, 2002 Govoni, 1982 Hamiti et al., 2011 Kos and Trdan, 2011 Lee and Pemberton, 2007 Lee and Pemberton, 2009 Mamedov and Makhmudova-Kurbanova, 1982 Nenon, 1976 Noyes, 2017 Pralavorio et al., 1977 Slavgorodskaya-Kurpieva, 1986 Unruh et al., 2003 |
| Parasitoid | Ageniaspis testaceipes (Ratzburg) Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists various synonyms, principally (1) Ageniaspis nepticulae (Mayr), (2) Encyrtus testaceipes Ratzeburg, (3) Holcothorax nepticulae Mayr, (4) Holco thorax testaceipes (Ratzeburg), (5) Holcothorax vellutatus Askew, and other minor variations on the above. | 1988 USA, Connecticut (from Japan via Canada) (Maier, 1993, 1994) | Phyllonorycter crataegella (Clemens) Gracillariidae Formerly in Lithocolletis | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Limited to the ecological niche of leafminers on deciduous trees. Most literature records are gracillariid leafmining moths in Phyllonorycter, including P. blancardella (F.) (Kadubowski, 1981), P. ringoniella (Matsumura) (Sun et al., 1987), and P. pyrifoliella (Gerasimov) (Kharchenko and Ryabchinskaya, 1995). However, one record is of the gelechiid (Lepidoptera) leafminer Recurvaria syrictis Meyrick (Cao and Guo, 1987). This last record needs verification. Noyes (2017) lists as hosts 22 species in Gracillariidae: 17 species of Lithocolletis and 5 species of Phyllonorycter that are not also listed as species of Lithocolettis, as well as 1 in Lyonetiidae and 1 in Nepticulidae. | Family? Gracillariidae (22 species in 2 genera, plus 3 records in other families) This is a parasitoid of leafmining moth larvae in mines on deciduous trees, especially gracillariid moths in Lithocolletis or Phyllonorycter. | E+/I+ Release:Released in Connecticut, USA (Maier, 1993, 1994). Establishment:Established in Connecticut, USA (Maier, 1993). Impact:Ageniaspis testaceipes caused 12–22% parasitism but only in unsprayed orchards (Maier, 1993) and so did not reduce target pest in most commercial orchards. | Cao and Guo, 1987 Kadubowski, 1981 Kharchenko and Ryabchinskaya, 1995 Maier, 1993 Maier, 1994 Noyes, 2017 Sun et al., 1987 |
| Parasitoid | Aleiodes nr circumscriptus (Nees) Braconidae A species from the target pest in India on mango was later described as A. circumscriptus (Rajeshwari and Chacko, 1992). But the circumscriptus species group poses taxonomic problems, and issues may remain. | 1986–1987 USA, Guam (from India) (Nafus, 1991) | Penicillaria jocosatrix Guenée Noctuidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. | Unknown | E-/I- Release:Released in Guam (Nafus, 1991). Establishment:This species did not establish in Guam (Nafus, 1991). Impact:This parasitoid, since it failed to establish, had no impact on the target pest. But other species of parasitoids introduced in this project did reduce the pest damage: (1) Blepharella lateralis Macquart (Tachinidae) and (2) Euplectrus nr parvulus Ferrière (Eulophidae) (Nafus, 1991). | Nafus, 1991 Rajeshwari and Chacko, 1992 |
| Parasitoid | Allotropa nr mecrida (Walker) Platygastridae Species identity is uncertain. | 2003 USA, California (from Egypt, where it was the most common parasitoid of the pest [Gonzalez et al., 2003]) (Roltsch et al., 2006) | Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Pseudococcidae | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing done before release. Four non-target species tested; no parasitism in 4 mealybugs from 3 other genera (Pseudococcus, Paracoccus, and Phenacoccus); 1 non-target species affected by host feeding (Roltsch et al., 2007). The related Allotropa mecrida is known from several mealybugs (e.g., Planococcus citri [Risso] [Niyazov, 1969], Planococcus ficus Signoret [Yasnosh et al., 2001], and Phenacoccus mespili Signoret [Ibadova, 1985]). However, it is not certain if the introduced species and A. mecrida are the same. | Genus? Pseudococcidae (species composition unknown due to uncertainties with agent identification) | E-/I- Release:Released in California, USA (Roltsch et al., 2006). Establishment:This species did not establish in California (Roltsch et al., 2006). Impact:Not applicable | Gonzalez et al., 2003 Ibadova, 1985 Niyazov, 1969 Roltsch et al., 2006 Roltsch et al., 2007 Yasnosh et al., 2001 |
| Parasitoid | Amitus bennetti Viggiani & Evans Platygasteridae Species described from Bemisia tabaci (Viggiani and Evans, 1992). | 1990–1994 USA, Florida and later in the western USA (from Puerto Rico) (Nguyen and Bennett, 1995; Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No field hosts recorded other than Bemisia tabaci. | Family or lower Aleyrodidae (known only from the target pest) | E?/I? Release:Released in Florida, USA (Nguyen and Bennett, 1995). Establishment:Potentially established in Florida (Nguyen and Bennett, 1995). Impact:In California, in field cages (stocked with parasitoids from Florida), A. bennetti caused 20–54% mortality on cotton and beans, respectively (Joyce and Bellows, 2000). | Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003 Joyce and Bellows, 2000 Nguyen and Bennett, 1995 Viggiani and Evans, 1992 |
| Parasitoid | Anagyrus californicus (Compere) Encyrtidae Native to Central America and Mexico. Noyes (2017) lists two synonyms: Apoanagyrus californicus Compere and Epidinocarsis californicus (Compere). | 2000 USA, Florida (from Mexico) (UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated) | Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara De Willink Pseudococcidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. Field host records include Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green in Cuba (Ceballos Vázquez et al., 2016) and Phenacoccus solani Ferris (Poinar, 1964). Noyes (2017) lists no other hosts. | Family Aleyrodidae (3 species in 3 genera) | E?/I? Release:Released in Florida, USA (see UF/IFAS, undated, and grey literature cited therein; same information repeated in Mani et al. [2016]). Establishment:Establishment in Florida is not recorded. Impact:Impact in Florida is not recorded. | Ceballos Vázquez et al., 2016 Mani et al., 2016 Noyes, 2017 Poinar, 1964 UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated |
| Parasitoid | Anagyrus californicus (Compere) Encyrtidae Native to Central America and Mexico. Noyes (2017) lists two synonyms: Apoanagyrus californicus Compere and Epidinocarsis californicus (Compere). | 2000 USA, Puerto Rico (UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated) | Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara De Willink Pseudococcidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. Field host records include Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green in Cuba (Ceballos Vázquez et al., 2016) and Phenacoccus solani Ferris (Poinar, 1964). Noyes (2017) lists no other hosts. | Family Aleyrodidae (3 species in 3 genera) | E+/I- Release:Released in Puerto Rico (see UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated, and grey literature cited therein; same information repeated in Mani et al. [2016]). Establishment:Established in Puerto Rico (see UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated, and grey literature cited therein; same information repeated in Mani et al. [2016]). Impact:As a group, the parasitoids released into Puerto Rico for control of papaya mealybug were highly successful, causing a 97% reduction at research sites in Puerto Rico, with parasitism levels between 35.5% and 58.3%. However, most of this impact was due to Acerophagus papayae Noyes and Schauff (UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated) and the role of A. californicus, if any, is unrecorded. | Ceballos Vázquez et al., 2016 Mani et al., 2016 Noyes, 2017 Poinar, 1964 UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated |
| Parasitoid | Anagyrus kamali Moursi Encyrtidae For species description, see Moursi (1948). Noyes (2017) lists six synonyms:(1) Anagyrus comperei Subba Rao and Rai; (2) Anagyrus flavidus Shafee, Alam and Agarwal; (3) Anagyrus flavus Agarwal; (4) Anagyrus hayati Sushil and Khan; (5) Anagyrus mohani Sushil and Khan; and (6) Anagyrus nigroradiclatus Subba Rao and Rai. | 1998 USA, Puerto Rico (from China and Hawaii USA - mixed colony) (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture) | Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Pseudococcidae | HRT- Laboratory host-range testing done before release. Of 8 non-target mealybugs tested (Planococcus citri Risso, Planococcus halli Ezzat and McConnell, Dysmicoccus brevipes Cockerell, Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius, Saccharicoccus sacchari [Cockerell], Puto barberi [Cockerell], Nipaecoccus nipae [Maskell], and Plotococcus neotropicus Williams & Granara de Willink), 2 non-target species of Planococcus were attacked but failed to support complete development (Sagarra et al., 2001). Noyes (2017) lists 6 additional mealybugs as hosts: (1) Ferrisia virgata Cockerell, (2) Formicococcus robustus (Ezzat & McConnell), (3) Naiacoccus serpentinus Green, (4) Nipaecoccus vastator (Maskell), (5) Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), and (6) Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley. | Family Pseudococcidae (9 species in 7 genera) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Puerto Rico (Kairo et al., 2000; Michaud and Evans, 2000). Establishment:Established in Puerto Rico (Kairo et al., 2000). Impact:Control of the pest was successful in Puerto Rico (Kairo et al., 2000; Michaud and Evans, 2000; W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture). | Kairo et al., 2000 Michaud and Evans, 2000 Moursi, 1948 Noyes, 2017 Sagarra et al., 2001 W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture |
| Parasitoid | Anagyrus kamali Moursi Encyrtidae For species description, see Moursi (1948). Noyes (2017) lists six synonyms:(1) Anagyrus comperei Subba Rao and Rai; (2) Anagyrus flavidus Shafee, Alam and Agarwal; (3) Anagyrus flavus Agarwal; (4) Anagyrus hayati Sushil and Khan; (5) Anagyrus mohani Sushil and Khan; and (6) Anagyrus nigroradiclatus Subba Rao and Rai. | 1999–2006 USA: California (1999), Florida (2000), Louisiana (2006) (from China, Hawaii USA, and Egypt-mixed colony) (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture; see also Roltsch et al., 2006) | Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Pseudococcidae | HRT- Laboratory host-range testing done before release. Of 8 non-target mealybugs tested (Planococcus citri Risso, Planococcus halli Ezzat and McConnell, Dysmicoccus brevipes Cockerell, Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius, Saccharicoccus sacchari [Cockerell], Puto barberi [Cockerell], Nipaecoccus nipae [Maskell], and Plotococcus neotropicus Williams & Granara de Willink), 2 non-target species of Planococcus were attacked but failed to support complete development (Sagarra et al., 2001). Noyes (2017) lists 6 additional mealybugs as hosts: (1) Ferrisia virgata Cockerell, (2) Formicococcus robustus (Ezzat & McConnell), (3) Naiacoccus serpentinus Green, (4) Nipaecoccus vastator (Maskell), (5) Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), and (6) Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley. | Family Pseudococcidae (9 species in 7 genera) | E+/I+ Release:Released in California, Florida, and Louisiana in the USA (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture; Roltsch et al., 2006). Establishment:Established in southern California (Rolsch et al., 2006). Establishment in Florida and Louisiana not recorded. Impact:Control of the pest was successful in California, due to several released natural enemies (95% reduction); A. kamali was the dominant summer parasitoid with up to 50% parasitism; Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam & Agarwal was an important winter parasitoid (Roltsch et al., 2006). | Moursi, 1948 Noyes, 2017 Roltsch et al., 2006 Sagarra et al., 2001 W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture |
| Parasitoid | Anagyrus kamali Moursi Encyrtidae For species description, see Moursi (1948). Noyes (2017) lists six synonyms:(1) Anagyrus comperei Subba Rao and Rai; (2) Anagyrus flavidus Shafee, Alam and Agarwal; (3) Anagyrus flavus Agarwal; (4) Anagyrus hayati Sushil and Khan; (5) Anagyrus mohani Sushil and Khan; and (6) Anagyrus nigroradiclatus Subba Rao and Rai. | 1999 USA, U.S. Virgin Islands (from China and Hawaii USA-mixed colony) (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture) | Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Pseudococcidae | HRT- Laboratory host-range testing done before release. Of 8 non-target mealybugs tested (Planococcus citri Risso, Planococcus halli Ezzat and McConnell, Dysmicoccus brevipes Cockerell, Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius, Saccharicoccus sacchari [Cockerell], Puto barberi [Cockerell], Nipaecoccus nipae [Maskell], and Plotococcus neotropicus Williams & Granara de Willink), 2 non-target species of Planococcus were attacked but failed to support complete development (Sagarra et al., 2001). Noyes (2017) lists 6 additional mealybugs as hosts: (1) Ferrisia virgata Cockerell, (2) Formicococcus robustus (Ezzat & McConnell), (3) Naiacoccus serpentinus Green, (4) Nipaecoccus vastator (Maskell), (5) Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), and (6) Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley. | Family Pseudococcidae (9 species in 7 genera) | E+/I+ Release:Released in the U.S. Virgin Islands (Kairo et al., 2000). Establishment:Established in the U.S. Virgin Islands (Kairo et al., 2000). Impact:Control of the pest was successful in the U.S. Virgin Islands (Kairo et al., 2000; W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture). | Kairo et al., 2000 Moursi, 1948 Noyes, 2017 Sagarra et al., 2001 W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture |
| Parasitoid | Anagyrus kamali Moursi Encyrtidae For species description, see Moursi (1948). Noyes (2017) lists six synonyms:(1) Anagyrus comperei Subba Rao and Rai; (2) Anagyrus flavidus Shafee, Alam and Agarwal; (3) Anagyrus flavus Agarwal; (4) Anagyrus hayati Sushil and Khan; (5) Anagyrus mohani Sushil and Khan; and (6) Anagyrus nigroradiclatus Subba Rao and Rai. | 1999 Mexico, Baja California (from China and Hawaii USA-mixed colony via Puerto Rico) (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture; Santiago-Islas et al., 2008) | Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Pseudococcidae | HRT- Laboratory host-range testing done before release. Of 8 non-target mealybugs tested (Planococcus citri Risso, Planococcus halli Ezzat and McConnell, Dysmicoccus brevipes Cockerell, Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius, Saccharicoccus sacchari [Cockerell], Puto barberi [Cockerell], Nipaecoccus nipae [Maskell], and Plotococcus neotropicus Williams & Granara de Willink), 2 non-target species of Planococcus were attacked but failed to support complete development (Sagarra et al., 2001). Noyes (2017) lists 6 additional mealybugs as hosts: (1) Ferrisia virgata Cockerell, (2) Formicococcus robustus (Ezzat & McConnell), (3) Naiacoccus serpentinus Green, (4) Nipaecoccus vastator (Maskell), (5) Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), and (6) Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley. | Family Pseudococcidae (9 species in 7 genera | E+/I+ Release:Released in Baja California, Mexico (Santiago-Islas et al., 2008). Establishment:Established in Mexico (Santiago-Islas et al., 2008). Impact:Consequences of local mass releases of A. kamali (in combination with Cryptolaemus montrouzieri [Mulsant]) on M. hirsutus density were monitored in Mexico in several crops, and pest declines were observed that were at least in part due to A. kamali (Santiago-Islas et al., 2009). | Moursi, 1948 Noyes, 2017 Sagarra et al., 2001 Santiago-Islas et al., 2008 W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture |
| Parasitoid | Anagyrus loecki Noyes and Menzes Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 2000 USA, Florida (from Mexico) (UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated; Amarasekare et al., 2009) | Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara De Willink Pseudococcidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts recorded in the literature. Noyes (2017) lists 2 additional mealybugs as hosts: (1) Dysmicoccus sp. and (2) Phenacoccus madeirensis Green. | Family Aleyrodidae (3 species in 3 genera) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Florida, USA (UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated; Amarasekare et al., 2009). Establishment:Established in Florida (UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated; Amarasekare et al., 2009). Impact:In a cage exclusion test after establishment of several papaya mealybug parasitoids, a cohort of mealybugs was reduced by exposure to parasitism by 58% in the open-sleeve cage (vs. closed cage) and by 73% in the no-cage treatment. Two parasitoids contributed to control (Acerophagus papayae and Anagyrus loecki), but 93% of parasitism was due to A. papayae (Amarasekare et al., 2009). | Amarasekare et al., 2009 Noyes, 2017 UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated |
| Parasitoid | Anagyrus loecki Noyes and Menzes Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 2000 USA, Puerto Rico (from Mexico via Florida USA quarantine) | Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara De Willink Pseudococcidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts recorded in the literature. Noyes (2017) lists 2 additional mealybugs as hosts: (1) Dysmicoccus sp. and (2) Phenacoccus madeirensis Green. | Family Aleyrodidae (3 species in 3 genera) | E+/I? Release:Released in Puerto Rico (UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated). Establishment:Established in Puerto Rico (UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated). Impact:A group of 5 parasitoids were released and suppressed the mealybug density by 97%, with parasitism levels of 35–58% (Mani et al., 2012 [original sources unpub.]). However, the dominant parasitoid was Acerophagus sp. Mani et al., 2012 [original sources unpub.]), later described as A. papayae (Noyes and Schauff, 2003). While A. loecki established, its value to control is not reported. | Mani et al., 2012 Noyes and Schauff, 2003 Noyes, 2017 UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated |
| Parasitoid | Anagyrus loecki Noyes and Menzes Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 2002 USA, Guam (from Mexico via Florida quarantine via Puerto Rico) (Meyerdirk et al., 2004) | Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara De Willink Pseudococcidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts recorded in the literature. Noyes (2017) lists 2 additional mealybugs as hosts: (1) Dysmicoccus sp. and (2) Phenacoccus madeirensis Green. | Family Aleyrodidae (3 species in 3 genera) | E?/I? Release:Released in Guam (Meyerdirk et al., 2004). Establishment:Establishment not recorded in Guam. Impact:The complex of parasitoids released reduced the pest by 99% within one year, but most of the impact was due to Acerophagus papayae Noyes and Schauff (Meyerdirk et al., 2004). The contribution of A. loecki to control is not reported. | Meyerdirk et al., 2004 Noyes, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Anagyrus sp? N/A Encyrtidae This undescribed species is not the same as A. pseudococci and is recognized by place of origin, being either Spain or Israel, in contrast to A. pseudococci, which is originally from Argentina, but also is adventive in parts of Italy (Sicily) (S. Triapitsyn, pers. comm.). For lack of confirmed species identity, Noyes (2017) could not be consulted for synonyms or literature hosts. | 2001 Mexico, Sonora (from California USA, but original origin unknown) (Fu-Castillo, 2008) | Planococcus ficus (Signoret) Pseudococcidae | HRT- No host-range testing was done for this entity before its introduction to Mexico. | Family? Pseudococcidae (Literature records that likely conflate A. pseudococci and A. vladimiri include 16 species of mealybugs in 8 genera and perhaps 1 species of Lecanodiaspididae) (El-Haidari et al., 1974; Coquis and Salazar, 1975; Gabriel, 1983; Islam and Jahan, 1992; Abd-Rabou, 2000a; Lotfalizadeh and Ahmadi, 2000; Leandro et al., 2008; Morsi, 2010; Guerrieri and Pellizzari, 2009; Yigit and Telli, 2013; Ghanbari et al., 2013 Bugila et al., 2015; Tanga et al., 2016; Attia and Awadallah, 2016). | E+/I+ Release:Released in Sonora, Mexico (Fu-Castillo, 2008). Establishment:Established in Sonora (Fu-Castillo, 2008). Impact:The Anagyrus sp. released in Mexico established and by the following year (2002) caused up to 36% parasitism (FuCastillo, 2008). | Abd-Rabou, 2000a Attia and Awadallah, 2016 Bartlett and Lloyd, 1958 Bugila et al., 2015 Coquis and Salazar, 1975 El-Haidari et al., 1974 Fu-Castillo, 2008 Gabriel, 1983 Ghanbari et al., 2013 Guerrieri and Pellizzari, 2009 Islam and Jahan, 1992 Leandro et al., 2008 Lotfalizadeh and Ahmadi, 2000 Morsi, 2010 Tanga et al., 2016 Yigit and Telli, 2013 Andreason et al., 2019 |
| Parasitoid | Anagyrus pseudococci Girault Encyrtidae This species was described as Epidinocarsis pseudococci by Girault (1915) and appears to be identical with the species introduced in about 1999 to California from Argentina (Tryapitzyn and Tryapitzyn, 1999; Triapitsyn et al., 2007). Other forms in the literature under this name are a separate entity (Triapitsyn et al., 2007). “Anagyrus pseudococci” was introduced in the 1948–1956 period to California from Brazil against Planococcus citri and later recovered (Bartlett and Lloyd, 1958) and this is now believed to be a distinct, unnamed species (Triapitsyn et al., 2007). For lack of confirmed species identity, Noyes (2017) could not be consulted for synonyms or literature hosts. | About 1999 USA, California (from Argentina) (Tryapitzyn and Tryapitzyn, 1999) | Planococcus ficus (Signoret) Pseudococcidae | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing done before release. Testing was done with A. nr pseudococci against its co-evolved native host, Planococcus ficus, the Afrotropical Planococcus citri (Risso), the Australasian Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell), the Neotropical Pseudococcus viburni Signoret, and the Neotropical Phenacoccus peruvianus Granara de Willink. The parasitoid completed development in all species to varying degrees, with the lowest rates in P. viburni and P. peruvianus (Bugila et al., 2015). Field hosts of entities given as “A. pseudococci” or “A. nr pseudococci” but not “the A. pseudococci group” include (1) Rastrococcus iceryoides Green (Tanga et al., 2016); (2) Planococcus citri (Risso) (Attia and Awadallah, 2016); (3) Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel (Yigit and Telli, 2013); (4) Nipaecoccus viridis Newstead (Ghanbari et al., 2013); (5) Lecanodiaspis africana Newstead (Lecanodiaspididae) (Morsi, 2010); (6) Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Guerrieri and Pellizzari, 2009); (7) Delottococcus confusus (DeLotto) (Pseudococcidae) (Leandro et al., 2008); (8) Planococcus vovae (Nasonov) (Lotfalizadeh and Ahmadi, 2000); (9) Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell) (Abd-Rabou, 2000a); (10) Pseudococcus affinis (Maskell) (Islam and Jahan, 1992); (11) Antonina graminis (Maskell) (Gabriel, 1983); (12) Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend & Cockerell (Coquis and Salazar, 1975); (13) Nipaecoccus vastator (Maskell) (El-Haidari et al., 1974). | Family? Pseudococcidae (16 species in 8 genera, plus one record in the Lecanodiaspididae) Note also that the named species (Anagyrus pseudococci, as used here for the entity introduced in 1999 to California by Tryapitzyn and Tryapitzyn [(1999]) is confused in the literature with other forms also given as Anagyrus pseudococci. Therefore, the breadth of host range of the entity introduced in 1999 to California is not certain. | E+/I? Release:Released in California, USA (Tryapitzyn and Tryapitzyn, 1999). Establishment:Established in California (Tryapitzyn and Tryapitzyn, 1999). Impact:No information available. | Abd-Rabou, 2000a Attia and Awadallah, 2016 Bartlett and Lloyd, 1958 Bugila et al., 2015 Coquis and Salazar, 1975 El-Haidari et al., 1974 Gabriel, 1983 Ghanbari et al., 2013 Girault, 1915 Guerrieri and Pellizzari, 2009 Islam and Jahan, 1992 Leandro et al., 2008 Lotfalizadeh and Ahmadi, 2000 Morsi, 2010 Tanga et al., 2016 Triapitsyn et al., 2007 Tryapitzyn and Tryapitzyn, 1999 Yigit and Telli, 2013 |
| Parasitoid | Anaphes nitens (Girault) Mymaridae Noyes (2017) lists five synonyms: (1) Anaphes gonipteri (Ferrière), (2) Anaphoidea gonipteri Ferrière, (3) Anaphoidea nitens Girault, (4) Patasson nitens (Girault), (5) Yungaburra nitens (Girault), and some related variations of these names. | 1994 USA, California (from Australia; proximal source not clear) | Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhal Curculionidae See Mapondera et al. (2012) for notes on cryptic species in this genus. | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. The only other literature host records are Gonipterus gibberus Boisduval (Sanches, 2000) and Gonipterus platensis (Noyes, 2017). | Genus Curculionidae (3 species in 1 genus, Gonipterus) | E+/I+ Release:Released in California, USA (Hanks et al., 2000). Establishment:Established in California (Hanks et al., 2000). Impact:In California, this parasitoid caused 95% egg parasitism and controlled the pest (Hanks et al., 2000). | Hanks et al., 2000 Mapondera et al. 2012 Noyes, 2017 Sanches, 2000 |
| Parasitoid | Apanteles murinanae Čapek and Zwölfer Braconidae | 1990 eastern Canada (from Europe) | Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) Tortricidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. This species was collected from the closely related species, Choristoneura murinana (H?bner), and, after confirming its ability to develop in the target host, was released in Canada as a single release (Smith et al., 2002). The only other known field host is Eucosma nigricana (H.-S.), another tortricid of similar biology as C. murinana, with which it shares a common tree host and habitat (?apek, 1961). | Family Tortricidae (3 species in 2 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in eastern Canada (Smith et al., 2002). Establishment:Did not establish in eastern Canada (Smith et al., 2002). Impact:Not applicable | Čapek, 1961 Smith et al., 2002 |
| Parasitoid | Aphantorhaphopsis samarensis (Villeneuve) Tachinidae Formerly in Ceranthia. | 1991 Canada, Ontario, New Brunswick (from Europe) (Nealis and Quednau, 1996; Nealis et al., 2002) | Lymantria dispar (L.) Erebidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Apart from the target host, only one literature record exists: Orgyia recens (Hübner) (Lymantriinae) (Fuester et al., 2014). Based on laboratory host range testing and field collections in Europe, Fuester et al (2001) describe the host range as limited to 2 genera, Lymantria and Orgyia. | Subfamily Erebidae (Lymantriinae) (2 species in 2 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in eastern Canada (Mills and Nealis, 1992; Nealis and Quednau, 1996). Establishment:Did not establish in Canada (Fuester et al., 2014). Impact:Not applicable | Fuester et al., 2001 Fuester et al., 2014 Mills and Nealis, 1992 Nealis and Quednau, 1996 Nealis et al., 2002 |
| Parasitoid | Aphantorhaphopsis samarensis (Villeneuve) Tachinidae Formerly in Ceranthia. | 1992 USA, northeastern states (from Europe) (Fuester et al., 2014) | Lymantria dispar (L.) Erebidae | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing done before release (Fuester et al., 2001). Apart from the target host, only one literature record exists: Orgyia recens (Hübner) (Lymantriinae) (Fuester et al., 2014). Based on laboratory host range testing and field collections in Europe, Fuester et al. (2001) describe the host range as limited to 2 genera, Lymantria and Orgyia. | Subfamily Erebidae (Lymantriinae) (2 species in 2 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in the northeastern United States (Fuester et al., 2014). Establishment:Did not establish in North America (Fuester et al., 2014). Impact:Not applicable | Fuester et al., 2001 Fuester et al., 2014 Mills and Nealis, 1992 Nealis and Quednau, 1996 |
| Parasitoid | Aphelinoidea anatolica Nowicki Trichogrammatidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1995 USA, California (from Iran) (Walker et al., 1997). | Circulifer tenellus (Baker) Cicadellidae Formerly in Neoaliturus | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts are recorded in the literature. Noyes (2017) lists no additional species as hosts. | Unknown | E+/I- Release:This species was first released in the United States in 1951 (Huffaker et al., 1954), but establishment did not occur. A second release was made in 1995 (Walker et al., 1997). Establishment:Established in California (Bayoun et al., 2008). Impact:Levels of parasitism of beet leafhopper eggs from A. anatolica were too low to contribute significantly to control (Bayoun et al., 2008). | Bayoun et al., 2008 Huffaker et al., 1954 Noyes, 2017 Walker et al., 1997 |
| Parasitoid | Aphelinoidea turanica Trjapitzin Trichogrammatidae For species description, see Trjapitzin (1994). Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Aphelinoidea scythica Fursov. | 1993 USA, California (from Turkmenistan) (Walker et al., 1997) | Circulifer tenellus (Baker) Cicadellidae Formerly in Neoaliturus | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts are recorded in the literature. Noyes (2017) lists no additional species as hosts. | Unknown | E+/I- Release:Released in California, USA (Walker et al., 1997). Establishment:Established in California (Bayoun et al., 2008). Impact:Levels of parasitism of beet leafhopper eggs from A. turanica were too low to contribute significantly to control (Bayoun et al., 2008). | Bayoun et al., 2008 Noyes, 2017 Trjapitzin, 1994 Walker et al., 1997 |
| Parasitoid | Aphelinus asychis Walker Aphelinidae Species identity of A. asychis relative to other closely related populations was initially unknown but was determined after introduction in further studies (Kazmer et al., 1996; Zhu and Fang, 2009). Because of confusion as to which species within Aphelinus were released against Russian wheat aphid (RWA), statements made here on species identities (and as a consequence, literature hosts) were confirmed by Jim Woolley, Texas A&M and Keith Hopper, USDA directly, rather than relying on Noyes (2017). That clarified events as follows: only two species of Aphelinus are known to have been released against RWA in the USA: (1) Aphelinus asychis, which may have been present in the United States from the 1960s, but regardless, it turned out not to be very important; and (2) Aphelinus atriplicis, which established and is the most abundant introduced RWA parasitoid, but which is widely misreported in field studies in the literature as Aphelinus albipodus (Hayat & Fatima). Species that were not released, but whose names appear in the USA RWA literature were Aphelinus albipodus and Aphelinus varipes (Foerster). The former species does not occur geographically in the areas from which RWA parasitoids were collected for use in the USA, and the latter species does not attack RWA (Hopper et al., 2017). Another species, Aphelinus hordei (Kurdjumov), is a highly specific parasitoid of RWA (Hopper et al., 2017) that may have been accidentally included in shipments of RWA parasitoids to the USA but misidentified at the time. As such, it may have been released, but there is no clear evidence to prove that or of its current presence in the USA (K. Hopper, pers. comm.) | 1990–1992 USA: Texas (1990) (Michels and Whitaker-Deerberg, 1993); many western states (1992) (Elliott et al., 1995; Burd et al., 2001) (from France, China, and Kazakhstan) | Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) Aphididae Russian wheat aphid (RWA) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Older literature host records may be unreliable due to confusion in separating members of the species complex. Hosts recorded under this name since Kazmer et al. (1996)’s definition of the species include the following species list below. However, some of these may still refer to other closely related parasitoids. (1) Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Milevoj, 1996); (2) 14 or 15 aphid species of 16 tested were attacked and supported development in laboratory trials (Elliott et al., 1999); (3) Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Rao et al., 1999); (4) Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach) (Talebi et al., 2002); (5) Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas (Snyder et al., 2004); (6) Aphis gossypii Glover (Schirmer, 2006); (7) Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) (Valério et al., 2006); (8) Aphis glycines Matsumura (Kaiser et al., 2007); (9) Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) (Sanchez et al., 2011). Safe to non-aphids, but many non-target aphids in Aphididae are attacked, on a variety of plants (Hopper et al., 2017). Population impacts on these non-target aphids unknown. | Family Aphididae | E+/I- Release:Released in Colorado and other western U.S. states (Elliott et al., 1995; Burd et al., 2001) and in Texas, USA (Michels and Whitaker-Deerberg, 1993). Establishment:Appears to be established in Colorado and surrounding states (Elliott et al., 1995; Burd et al., 2001), in Texas (Michels and Whitaker-Deerberg, 1993), and in Washington state (Pike et al., 1997). However, given that A. asychis from Europe was released in Texas and Oklahoma in the 1960s for control of Schizaphis graminum, it is not clear that the A. asychis released against D. noxia established. It (regardless of origin) was not recovered in high numbers from RWA in sampling by K. Hopper or others (K. Hopper, pers. comm.). Impact:While present, A. nr asychis was only a minor parasitoid of Russian wheat aphid in the northcentral USA plains in 2001–2002, ca 9–10 years after release (Noma et al., 2005; see also Burd and Puterka, 2012). It was infrequently detected by Brewer et al. (2005) in the USA Great Plains region, suggesting it is of minor or no importance for control of RWA in that area. | Brewer et al., 2005 Burd and Puterka, 2012 Burd et al., 2001 Elliott et al., 1995 Elliott et al., 1999 Hopper et al., 2017 J. Woolley, pers. comm. K. Hopper, pers. comm. Kaiser et al., 2007 Kazmer et al., 1996 Michels and Whitaker-Deerberg, 1993 Milevoj, 1996 Noma et al., 2005 Pike et al., 1997 Rao et al., 1999 Sanchez et al., 2011 Schirmer, 2006 Snyder et al., 2004 Talebi et al., 2002 Valério et al., 2006 Zhu and Fang, 2009 |
| Parasitoid | Aphelinus atriplicis Kurdjumov Aphelinidae Because Aphelinus atriplicis, after its release and collection in the western USA, was routinely misidentified as Aphelinus albipodus (Hayat & Fatima), much of the documentation of A. atriplicis’ effect on Russian wheat aphid (RWA) populations is reported under the name A. albipodus, a species that likely has never been released in the USA (K. Hopper, pers. comm.). Because of confusion as to which species within Aphelinus were released against Russian wheat aphid (RWA), statements made here on species identities (and as a consequence, literature hosts) were confirmed by Jim Woolley, Texas A&M and Keith Hopper, USDA directly, rather than relying on Noyes (2017). That clarified events as follows: only two species of Aphelinus are known to have been released against RWA in the USA: (1) Aphelinus asychis, which may have been present in the United States from the 1960s, but regardless, it turned out not to be very important; and (2) Aphelinus atriplicis, which established and is the most abundant introduced RWA parasitoid, but which is widely misreported in field studies in the literature as Aphelinus albipodus (Hayat & Fatima). Species that were not released, but whose names appear in the USA RWA literature were Aphelinus albipodus and Aphelinus varipes (Foerster). The former species does not occur geographically in the areas from which RWA parasitoids were collected for use in the USA, and the latter species does not attack RWA (Hopper et al., 2017). Another species, Aphelinus hordei (Kurdjumov) is a highly specific parasitoid of RWA (Hopper et al., 2017) that may have been accidentally included in shipments of RWA parasitoids to the USA but misidentified at the time. As such, it may have been released, but there is no clear evidence to prove that or of its current presence in the USA (K. Hopper, pers. comm.). | 1992 USA, many western states (from Central Asia) (Hopper et al., 1998; Prokrym, 1998; Heraty et al., 2007) | Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) Aphididae Russian wheat aphid (RWA) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records unreliable due to confusion in separating members of species complex. Safe to non-aphids, but many non-target aphids in Aphididae are attacked, on a variety of plants (Hopper et al., 2017). Population impacts on these non-target aphids are unknown. | Family Aphididae | E+/I+ Release:Released in the western United States (Hopper et al., 1998; Prokrym, 1998; Heraty et al., 2007). Establishment:This species is widely established in the western United States on Russian wheat aphid (K. Hopper, pers. comm. and references cited for release). Impact:This is the most important introduced, established parasitoid of RWA in the western USA. However, much of the literature has misidentified it as Aphelinus albipodus (K. Hopper, pers. comm.). | Heraty et al., 2007 Hopper et al., 1998 Hopper et al., 2017 J. Woolley, pers. comm. K. Hopper, pers. comm. Prokrym, 1998 |
| Parasitoid | Aphelinus glycinis Hopper and Woolley Aphelinidae | 2012 USA, Minnesota (from China) (Hopper and Diers, 2014) | Aphis glycines Matsumura Aphididae | HRT+ Laboratory host range testing done before release. No non-target attacks on aphids outside of the genus Aphis (based on testing 5 species in 4 other genera) (Hopper, 2010; USDA APHIS, 2012). Of 7 non-target Aphis species, 4 were suitable for parasitism, while 3 were not (Hopper, 2010; USDA APHIS, 2012). | Genus Aphididae (4 species in 1 genus, Aphis) | E-/I- Release:Released in Minnesota, USA (Hopper and Diers, 2014). Establishment:Did not establish in Minnesota (G. Heimpel, pers. comm.). Impact:Not applicable | G. Heimpel, pers. comm. Hopper and Diers, 2014 Hopper, 2010 USDA APHIS, 2012 |
| Parasitoid | Aphelinus spiraecolae Evans & Schauff Aphelinidae For species description, see Evans et al. (1995). Noyes (2017) lists no other synonyms. | 1995 USA, Florida (from Guangdong Province, China) (see Table 2, p. 159 of Frank and McCoy, 2007) | Aphis spiraecola Patch Aphididae | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. Other literature hosts include Aphis gossypii Glover and Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) (Yokomi and Tang, 1995). Noyes (2017) lists no additional species as hosts. | Family Aphididae (3 species in 2 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in Florida, USA (see Table 2, p. 159 of Frank and McCoy, 2007). Establishment:No evidence for establishment in Florida (see Table 2, p. 159 of Frank and McCoy, 2007). Impact:Not applicable | Evans et al., 1995 Frank and McCoy, 2007 Noyes, 2017 Yokomi and Tang, 1995 |
| Parasitoid | Aphidius colemani Viereck Braconidae | 1999 USA, Hawaii (from Australia) (R. Messing, pers. comm.; Acebes and Messing, 2013a) | Aphis gossypii Glover Aphididae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. The species is known to attack only aphids, which provides adequate specificity for use in Hawaii, as Hawaii has no native aphids. Literature host records are summarized by Benelli et al (2014) and include 21 aphid species, in 13 genera, especially species in the genus Aphis. | Family Aphididae (21 species in 13 genera, especially Aphis). This is a polyphagous pantropical aphid parasitoid, commonly used for augmentative biocontrol of aphids in greenhouses in many countries (van Lenteren, 2012). | E-/I- Release:Released in Hawaii (Acebes and Messing, 2013a). Establishment:Established in Hawaii (Acebes and Messing, 2013a; Messing and Klungness, 2001). Impact:On taro (Colocasia esculenta L.), A. colemani parasitism of A. gossypii was very low (<3%), likely due to high levels of hyperparasitism and high levels of fungal infections in aphids (Rhainds and Messing, 2005). | Acebes and Messing, 2013a Benelli et al., 2014 Messing and Klungness, 2001 R. Messing, pers. comm. Rhainds and Messing, 2005 Starý, 1975 van Lenteren, 2012 |
| Parasitoid | Aphidius rhopalosiphi de Stefani-Perez Braconidae | 1988–1992 USA, Washington state (from Turkey and Morocco) (Tanigoshi et al., 1995) | Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) Aphididae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Biotypes of this species may exist that have different host ranges (Höller, 1991). Hosts recorded in the literature include (1) Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Gruber et al., 1994) and (2-4) Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), Sitobion avena (Fabricius), and Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Rakhshani et al., 2008). | Family Aphididae (5 species in 5 genera; perhaps just species in the Aphidini and Macrosiphini [Cameron et al., 2013]) | E-/I- Release:Released in Washington state, USA (Tanigoshi et al., 1995). Establishment:Assumed not to have established in Washington state. Impact:Not applicable | Cameron et al., 2013 Gruber et al., 1994 Höller, 1991 Rakhshani et al., 2008 Tanigoshi et al., 1995 |
| Parasitoid | Aphytis sankarani Rosen and DeBach Aphelinidae For species description, see Rosen and DeBach (1986). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 2002 USA, Florida (from Thailand) (see Table 4, pp. 153 & 164 of Frank and McCoy, 2007) | Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) Diaspididae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Noyes (2017) lists 2 additional species as hosts: Aonidiella aurantii Maskell and Parlatoria pergandii Comstock. | Family Diaspididae (3 species in 3 genera) | E+/I? Release:Released in Florida, USA (see Table 4, pp. 153 & 164 of Frank and McCoy, 2007). Establishment:Established in Florida (H. Glenn, pers. comm. [TREC, Homestead] to Howard Frank [Univ. Florida, Dept. Entomology and Nematology]). Impact:No information available. | Frank and McCoy, 2007 H. Glenn, pers. comm. (TREC, Homestead) to Howard Frank (Univ. Florida, Dept. Entomology and Nematology) Noyes, 2017 Rosen and DeBach, 1986 |
| Parasitoid | Aphytis yanonensis DeBach & Rosen Aphelinidae For species description, see DeBach and Rosen (1982). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1990–1995 USA, Massachusetts, New Jersey (from China) (Van Driesche et al., 1998a; Matadha et al., 2003) | Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Diaspididae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Known field hosts include Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana) (Diaspididae) (DeBach and Rosen, 1982) and the target pest, from which it is was reared in quarantine from U. euonymi collected in China (Van Driesche, unpub. data), while Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Diaspididae) is a laboratory host (Matadha et al., 2005). Noyes (2017) lists no additional species as hosts. | Genus? Diaspididae (2 species in 1 genus [Unaspis], plus 1 species in another genus used as a laboratory-rearing host) | E-/I- Release:Released in Massachusetts (Van Driesche et al., 1998a) and New Jersey, USA (Matadha et al., 2003). Establishment:Not established in Massachusetts (O’Reilly and Van Driesche, 2009) or New Jersey. (Matadha et al., 2005). Impact:Not applicable | DeBach and Rosen, 1982 Matadha et al., 2003 Matadha et al., 2005 Noyes, 2017 O’Reilly and Van Driesche, 2009 Van Driesche et al., 1998a Van Driesche, unpub. data |
| Parasitoid | Aprostocetus vaquitarum (Wolcott) Eulophidae Previously misidentified in the literature as Tetrastichus gala (Walker) or Aprostocetus gala, a different species attacking leafhopper or cecidomyiid fly eggs. Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Tetrastichus vaquitarum Wolcott. | 2000 USA, Florida (from the Dominican Republic) (Peña et al., 2004; Jacas et al., 2005) | Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) Curculionidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Wolcott (1924) describes this parasitoid and records it as parasitizing eggs of the weevil Lachnopus coffeae Marshall in Puerto Rico. Post-release studies determined that the native root weevil Pachnaeus litus (Germar), a minor pest of citrus, is a suitable host (in the laboratory) for A. vaquitarum, but another native weevil and minor pest of citrus in Florida, Artipus floridanus Horn, was not. Both weevils have oviposition habits similar to D. abbreviatus (Jacas et al., 2010). Noyes (2017) lists one additional host species, Donacivola saccharella (Lepidoptera: Elaschisidae), which needs confirmation. | Family? Curculionidae (3 species in 3 genera, plus 1 record in another family that is in need of confirmation) It is believed this parasitoid attacks eggs of weevils whose eggs are concealed in plant tissues. | E+/I+ Release:Released in Florida, USA (Peña et al., 2004; Jacas et al., 2005). Establishment:Established in southern Florida (Peña et al., 2004; Jacas et al., 2005). Impact:At release sites in the Miami/Dade County area of southern Florida, levels of parasitism of the pest’s eggs were 70–90% (Peña et al., 2004). | Jacas et al., 2005 Jacas et al., 2010 Noyes, 2017 Peña et al., 2004 Wolcott, 1924 |
| Parasitoid | Aroplectrus dimerus Lin Eulophidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 2010 USA, Hawaii (from Taiwan) (J. Yalemar, pers. comm., Hawaii Department of Agriculture). | Darna pallivitta (Moore) Limacodidae | HRT+ Laboratory host range testing was done before release. None of the 25 non-target Lepidoptera tested in Hawaii were attacked. There are no native limicodids in Hawaii. Tests included species in 13 families with 2 endemic species and 19 immigrant pests (HDOA, 2007). Aroplectrus dimerus has been recorded attacking 6 limacodids in the Philippines (Cock et al., 1987): (1) Darna mindanensis Holloway, (2) Penthocrates albicapitata Holloway, (3) Penthocrates rufa Holloway, (4) Penthocrates rufofascia Holloway, (5) Penthocrates styx Holloway, and (6) Penthocrates zelaznyi Holloway. In India, the limacodid Parasa bicolor Walker is also a recorded host (Singh et al., 1988). Noyes (2017) lists no additional species as hosts. | Family Limacodidae (7 species in 3 genera) In Hawaii there are no native limacodids. | E+/I+ Release:Released widely in Hawaii from 2010–2013 (J. Yalemar, pers. comm., Hawaii Department of Agriculture). Establishment:The parasitoid is now established throughout Hawaii (J. Yalemar, pers. comm., Hawaii Department of Agriculture). Impact:By 2011, pest larval numbers had declined by 80–100% in HDOA survey sites (J. Yalemar, pers. comm., Hawaii Department of Agriculture). | Cock et al., 1987 HDOA, 2007 J. Yalemar, pers. comm., Hawaii Department of Agriculture Noyes, 2017 Singh et al., 1988 |
| Parasitoid | Banacuniculus utilis (Beardsley) Figitidae One synonym: Ganaspidium utilis, which is the name under which literature appears. | 1985 USA, Guam (from Texas USA via Hawaii USA) (Beardsley, Jr. 1988; Johnson and Wilson, 1995) | Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) Agromyzidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. The only other host recorded in the literature is Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Beardsley, Jr. 1988). | Genus Agromyzidae (2 species in 1 genus, Liriomyza) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Guam (Johnson and Wilson, 1995). Establishment:Established in Guam (Johnson and Wilson, 1995). Impact:“It became the dominant parasitoid on beans, where it parasitizes up to 78% of all the L. trifolii larvae infesting the crop. Leafminer densities decreased dramatically and are no longer a problem in unsprayed bean plantings” (Johnson and Wilson, 1995). | Beardsley, Jr. 1988 Buffington, 2004 Buffington, 2010 Johnson and Wilson, 1995 |
| Parasitoid | Binodoxys brevicornis (Haliday) Braconidae Formerly in Trioxys. | 1989–1990 USA, California (from the former Czechoslovakia) (Starý, 1990) | Brachycorynella asparagi (Mordvilko) Aphididae All species in Ganaspidium are parasitoids of agromyzids (Buffington, 2004, 2010). | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Hosts from the literature include aphids in several genera: (1) Myzus cerasi (F.) (Wimshurst, 1925); (2) Cavariella sp. (Tremblay, 1975); and (3) Hyadaphis coriandri (Das) (Mescheloff and Rosen, 1993). | Family Aphididae (4 species in 4 genera) | E+/I+ Release:Released in California, USA (Daane et al., 1992, 1995a). Establishment:Established in some counties in California (Daane et al., 1992, 1995a). Impact:Impact limited (about 10% parasitism, shortly after release) (Daane et al., 1992). | Buffington, 2004 Buffington, 2010 Daane et al., 1992 Daane et al., 1995a Mescheloff and Rosen, 1993 Starý, 1990 Tremblay, 1975 Wimshurst, 1925 |
| Parasitoid | Binodoxys communis (Gahan) Braconidae For separation from other members of species complex see Desneux et al. (2009a). | 2006 USA, Minnesota (from China) (Wyckhuys et al., 2009) | Aphis glycines Matsumura Aphididae | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing done before release. In laboratory host range testing related to work in Minnesota, Desneux et al (2009b) found that 8 Aphis species and 1 non-Aphis aphid species tested were suitable for parasitism. See also Desneux et al. (2012) for information on determinants of host specificity in B. communis. In laboratory host-range testing in Hawaii, 2 non-native Aphis species were highly suitable while 4 non-native, non-Aphis species were either not suitable or marginally so (Acebes and Messing, 2013b). Hosts from the literature include (1) Aphis gossypii Glover (Shi, 1980); (2) Aphis citricola van der Goot (Ng and Starý, 1986); (3) Toxoptera citricidus (Kirkaldy) (Calilung, 2008); and (4) Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel (Lomerio and Calilung, 2008). | Family Aphididae (15 species [including the target] in 4 genera [Aphis, Rhopolosiphum, Toxoptera, and Pentalonia], with most species [10] being in Aphis). For native Aphis spp, risk modeling based on ant-tending and phenological overlap suggest high exposure for Aphis asclepiades Fitch, but low exposure for Aphis oestlundi Gillette; ant tending suggests medium exposure for Aphis monardae Oestlund (Wyckhuys et al., 2007). | E-/I- Release:Released in Minnesota, USA (Wyckhuys et al., 2009). Establishment:Not established in Minnesota, likely due to loss of effective diapause mechanisms (Gariepy et al., 2015). Impact:Not applicable | Acebes and Messing, 2013b Calilung, 2008 Desneux et al., 2009a Desneux et al., 2009b Desneux et al., 2012 Gariepy et al., 2015 Lomerio and Calilung, 2008 Ng and Starý, 1986 Shi, 1980 Wyckhuys et al., 2007 Wyckhuys et al., 2009 |
| Parasitoid | Binodoxys communis (Gahan) Braconidae | 2010 USA, Hawaii (from China via Minnesota USA) (R. Messing, pers. comm.; Acebes, 2011) | Aphis gossypii Glover Aphididae | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing was done before release. In laboratory host-range testing in Hawaii, 2 non-native Aphis species were highly suitable while 4 non-native, non-Aphis species were either not suitable or marginally so (Acebes and Messing, 2013b). In laboratory host range testing related to work in Minnesota, Desneux et al (2009b) found that 8 Aphis species and 1 non-Aphis aphid species tested were suitable for parasitism. See also Desneux et al. (2012) for information on determinants of host specificity in B. communis. Hosts from the literature include (1) Aphis gossypii Glover (Shi, 1980); (2) Aphis citricola van der Goot (Ng and Starý, 1986); (3) Toxoptera citricidus (Kirkaldy) (Calilung, 2008); and (4) Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel (Lomerio and Calilung, 2008). | Family Aphididae (15 species [including the target] in 4 genera [Aphis, Rhopolosiphum, Toxoptera, and Pentalonia], with most species [10] being in Aphis). Safe for use in Hawaii because there are no native aphids or weed biocontrol aphids in Hawaii. | E+/I- Release:Released in Hawaii (Acebes, 2011). Establishment:Established in Hawaii (Acebes, 2011). Impact:Parasitism remained low, perhaps due to high levels of hyperparasitism, and there was no change in the pest’s density (Acebes, 2011). | Acebes and Messing, 2013b Acebes, 2011 Calilung, 2008 Desneux et al., 2009b Desneux et al., 2012 Lomerio and Calilung, 2008 Ng and Starý, 1986 R. Messing, pers. comm. Shi, 1980 |
| Parasitoid | Blepharella lateralis Macquart Tachinidae | 1986–1987 USA, Guam (from India) (Nafus, 1991) | Penicillaria jocosatrix Guenée Noctuidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Hosts recorded in the literature include (1) Euproctis lunata (Walker) (Erebidae) (Battu and Dhaliwal, 1977); (2) Spilosoma obliqua Walker (Erebidae) (Kumar and Yadav, 1987); and (3) Olepa (formerly Pericallia) ricini (Fabricius) (Arctiidae) (Venkatesha et al., 1993). | Order LEPIDOPTERA: Noctuidae (the target pest), Arctiidae (1 species), Erebidae (2 species in 2 genera) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Guam (Nafus, 1991). Establishment:Established in Guam (Nafus, 1991). Impact:“The wasps Aleiodes sp. [given here as Aleiodes nr circumscriptus] and Euplectrus sp. [given here as Euplectrus nr parvulus] and the fly Blepharella lateralis were released. Aleiodes sp. did not establish, but Euplectrus sp. and B. lateralis did. [Due to the 2 established species,] populations of the pest fell to 25% of their pre-release levels. Parasitism rates ranged from 20 to 99%. Euplectrus sp. was the most abundant parasitoid …[and] was more abundant in the dry season, whereas B. lateralis was more common in the wet season. Fruit production on monitored trees increased significantly” (Nafus, 1991). Positive foodweb effects also occurred that benefitted other mango-feeding Lepidoptera after decline of the pest species (Schreiner and Nafus, 1992, 1993). | Battu and Dhaliwal, 1977 Kumar and Yadav, 1987 Nafus, 1991 Schreiner and Nafus, 1992 Schreiner and Nafus, 1993 Venkatesha et al., 1993 |
| Parasitoid | Bracon compressitarsis Wharton Braconidae | 1988 USA, Texas (from Mexico) (P. Krauter, pers. comm., Texas A and M University, Dept Entomology) | Anthonomus grandis Boheman Curculionidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Hosts recorded in the literature are species of Anthonomus weevils in Mexico (Wharton, 1983). | Genus Curculionidae (various species in 1 genus, Anthonomus) | E-/I- Release:Released in Texas, USA (P. Krauter, pers. comm., Texas A and M University, Dept Entomology). Establishment:Did not establish in Texas (P. Krauter, pers. comm., Texas A and M University, Dept Entomology). Impact:Not applicable | P. Krauter, pers. comm., Texas A and M University, Dept Entomology Wharton, 1983 |
| Parasitoid | Callibracon limbatus (Brullé) Braconidae | 1995 USA, California (from Australia) (Paine et al., 1995) | Phoracantha semipunctata (F.) Cerambycidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts are known from the literature. It is reputed to be limited to wood-boring larvae in species of eucalyptus trees (Hanks et al., 2001). | Unknown Too little research exists on this species to predict the host range, which may be Cerambycidae or some lower level within the family. | E-/I- Release:Released in California, USA (Paine et al., 1995). Establishment:Did not establish in California (J. Millar, pers. comm.). Impact:Not applicable | Hanks et al., 2001 J. Millar, pers. comm. Paine et al., 1995 |
| Parasitoid | Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem Bethylidae For species description, see Betrem (1961). | 1988 Mexico (from Ivory Coast, West Africa) (Barrera et al., 1990a, 2008) | Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) Curculionidae Formerly in Stephanoderes | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing was done before release to determine which species might be suitable alternative hosts for laboratory rearing. Two alternative laboratory-rearing species, Caulophilus oryzae (Gyllenhal) and Sitophilus sp., successfully supported parasitoid development (Pérez-Lachaud and Hardy, 2001). | Genus? Curculionidae (1 species in 1 genus [Hypothenemus], plus 2 species in 2 genera used as laboratory-rearing hosts) | E+/I? Release:Released in Mexico (Barrera et al., 1990a, 2008). Establishment:Established in Mexico (Barrera et al., 1990b). Impact:In Guatemala (near to release areas in Mexico), large releases of C. stephanoderis reduced berry infestation from 2.7–5.3% (1993) to 0.4–0.9% (1994), and 1.6–2.4% (1995), compared to control plot infestations of 2.8, 2.8, and 3.5%, a reduction of 75 and 48% from year to year (García and Barrios, 1996). However, field evaluations are based on augmentative releases and so do not measure effects of self-reproducing populations. | Barrera et al., 1990a Barrera et al., 1990b Barrera et al., 2008 Betrem, 1961 García and Barrios, 1996 Murphy and Moore, 1990 Pérez-Lachaud and Hardy, 2001 |
| Parasitoid | Ceranisus menes (Walker) Eulophidae Noyes (2017) lists nine synonyms: (1) Asecodes aculeo (Walker), (2) Ceranisus brui (Vuillet), (3) Ceranisus rosilloi De Santis, (4) Ceranisus vinctus (Gahan), (5) Epomphale menes (Walker), (6) Euderomphale menes (Walker), (7) Pteroptrix menes Walker, (8) Thripoctenus brui Vuillet, and (9) Thripoctenus vinctus Gahan. | 1992–1993 USA, Florida (two strains, from Thailand and Japan) (Loomans and van Lenteren, 1995, based on R. Baranowski, pers. comm., Prof. Emeritus, Dept. of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville). These two strains were introduced into Florida to improve the biocontrol of the target pest, despite the fact that the species C. menes was already in Florida at the time (Frank and McCoy, 2007). | Thrips palmi Karny Thripidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. This is a cosmopolitan parasitoid known to attack thrips species in at least 12 genera (see pp. 103–104 of Loomans and van Lenteren, 1995). Noyes (2017) lists 18 species of Thripidae as hosts: (1) Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher), (2) Frankliniella intonsa Trybom, (3) Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), (4) Frankliniella schultzei Trybom, (5) Isoneurothrips fullawayi Moulton, (6) Kakothrips pisivorus (Westwood), (7) Kakothrips robustus (Uzel), (8) Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom, (9) Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall), (10) Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford), (11) Pseudodendrothrips mori (Niwa), (12) Scirtothrips citri (Moulton), (13) Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara, (14) Taeniothrips alliorum Priesner, (15) Taeniothrips longistylus Karny, (16) Thrips flavus Schrank, (17) Thrips tabaci Lindeman, and (18) Toxothrips ricinus L. | Family Thripidae (at least 18 species in 12 genera). In addition, Noyes (2017) lists one species of cecidomyiid fly and one cynipid wasp, both of which seem unlikely hosts without confirmation. | E?/I? Release:Released in Florida, USA (Loomans and van Lenteren, 1995, based on R. Baranowski, pers. comm., Prof. Emeritus, Dept. of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville). Establishment:Some recoveries were made in Florida at release sites, but establishment of released strains could not be determined due to prior existence of the species in Florida and lack of molecular markers to separate the new and old strains (Frank and McCoy, 2007). Impact:No information available. | Frank and McCoy, 2007 Loomans and van Lenteren, 1995 Noyes, 2017 R. Baranowski, pers. comm., Prof. Emeritus, Dept. of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville |
| Parasitoid | Ceratogramma etiennei Delvare Trichogrammatidae For species description, see Delvare (1998). Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Szelenyia etiennei (Delvare). | 1998 USA, Florida (from Guadeloupe in the Caribbean) (Hall et al., 2001; see p. 159 of Frank and McCoy, 2007) | Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) Curculionidae | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing was done before release. No parasitism of 7 non-target species of lepidopteran eggs or those of 1 non-target species of weevil (Peña et al., 2010). Noyes (2017) lists no other species as hosts. | Possibly Genus or higher Curculionidae (known only from the target pest). Diaprepes abbreviatus likely parasitizes eggs of various weevils concealed in plant tissues. Insufficient work has been done to know for sure that this species has genus-level specificity. | E-/I- Release:Released in Florida, USA (Hall et al., 2001; see p. 159 of Frank and McCoy, 2007). Establishment:While some initial recoveries were made, long term establishment did not occur in Florida (Frank and McCoy, 2007; Peña et al., 2010; see also Amalin et al., 2004). Impact:Not applicable | Amalin et al., 2004 Delvare, 1998 Frank and McCoy, 2007 Hall et al., 2001 Noyes, 2017 Peña et al., 2010 |
| Parasitoid | Cirrospilus ingenuus Gahan Eulophidae For species description, see Gahan (1932). Noyes (2017) lists three synonyms: Cirrospilus quadristriata (Subba Rao and Ramamani), Cirrospilus quadristriatus (Subba Rao and Ramamani), and Scotolinx quadristriata Subba Rao and Ramamani. | 1994 USA, Florida (from Thailand, and from Taiwan via Australia) (Smith and Hoy, 1995; LaSalle et al., 1999) | Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton Gracillariidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done relative to U.S. species before release; specificity was assumed based on testing in Australia against that fauna. For Australia, 0 non-target species were attacked from a test list including 1 Phyllocnistis leafminer, 4 gracillariid leafminers in other genera, and 14 other foliovores, leafminers, or gall makers in other families (Neale et al., 1995). The weevil Rhynchaenus mangiferae Marshal (Curculionidae) (Peter and Balasubramanian, 1984) is listed as a field host, but this record may be a misidentification and needs confirmation. In addition to the target pest, Noyes (2017) lists as hosts one unspecified agromyzid fly and one lyonetiid leafminer, Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville). | Unknown in relation to North American fauna | E+/I- Release:Released in Florida, USA (Smith and Hoy, 1995; LaSalle et al., 1999). Establishment:Established in Florida (LaSalle et al., 1999; Hoy, 2005). Impact:Cirrospilus ingenuus had no apparent effect on the target’s density; another parasitoid released in the same project, Ageniaspis citricola, became the dominant introduced-parasitoid attacking citrus leafminer in Florida (Hoy, 2005). | Gahan, 1932 Hoy, 2005 LaSalle et al., 1999 Neale et al., 1995 Noyes, 2017 Peter and Balasubramanian, 1984 Smith and Hoy, 1995 |
| Parasitoid | Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (Narayanin) Eulophidae Noyes (2017) lists four synonyms: Cirrospiloideus phyllocnistoides (Narayanan), Cirrospilus phyllocnistidis Narayanan, Cirrospilus phyllocnistoides Narayanan, and Tetrastichus phyllocnistoides (Narayanan). | 2006 USA, Florida (from Southeast Asian via Spain) (P. Stansly, pers. comm.) | Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton Gracillariidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done relative to U.S. species before release; specificity assumed based on testing in Australia against that fauna. For Australia, 0 non-target species were attacked from a test list including 1 Phyllocnistis leafminer, 4 gracillariid leafminers in other genera, and 14 other foliovores, leafminers, or gall makers in other families (Neale et al., 1995). Field hosts of Citrostichus phyllocnistoides listed in the literature include (1) the psyllid Trioza obsoleta (Buckton) (Dash and Das, 1997), but this record may be a misidentification and needs confirmation; (2) a Stigmella sp. leafminer (Nepticulidae) (Massa et al., 2001), after the parasitoid’s introduction to Europe and the Middle East; and (3–4) Cosmopterix pulcherimella Chambers (Cosmopterigidae) and a Liriomyza leafminer (Agromyzidae) (Rizzo et al., 2006). Noyes (2017) also lists one additional species as a host, Acalyptris minimella (Scoble) (Nepticulidae). | Two Orders? LEPIDOPTERA (1 leafminer in each of Gracillariidae, Nepticulidae, and Cosmopterigidae) and DIPTERA (1 leafminer in Agromyzidae); plus 1 record of a psyllid (Trioza obsoleta) in the Hemiptera in need of confirmation | E+/I- Release:Released in Florida, USA (P. Stansly, pers. comm.). Establishment:Established in Florida (P. Stansly, pers. comm.). Impact:Citrostichus phyllocnistoides had little impact on citrus leafminer in Florida, as another biocontrol agent released in the same project, Ageniaspis citricola, became the dominant introduced-parasitoid attacking citrus leafminer in Florida (Hoy, 2005). | Dash and Das, 1997 Hoy, 2005 Massa et al., 2001 Neale et al., 1995 Noyes, 2017 P. Stansly, pers. comm. Rizzo et al., 2006 |
| Parasitoid | Coccobius fulvus (Compere and Annecke) Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) lists three synonyms: Coccobius mcdonaldi Shafee, Siddiqui and Rizvi; Physcus albipodus Agarwal; and Physcus fulvus Compere and Annecke. For a revision of the genus Coccobius, see Wang et al. (2014). | 1997–1998 USA, Florida (from Thailand) (Howard and Weissling, 1999) | Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi Diaspididae | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. In addition to A. yasumasui (Howard and Weissling, 1999), C. fulvus is reported from additional diaspidid scales: (1) Unaspis yanonensis (Takagi, 1991; Matsumoto et al., 2004) and (2) Unaspis euonymi (Van Driesche et al., 1998a). A literature record also exists of Parthenolecanium corni Bouché (Coccidae) (Basheer et al., 2011). In addition, Noyes (2017) lists 4 more diaspidids as hosts: (1) Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead), (2) Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), (3) Aulacaspis crawii (Cockerell), and (4) Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley). | Family? Diaspididae (7 species in 6 genera, plus 1 record of a host in the Coccidae that needs confirmation since it is not found in Noyes [2017]) | E+/I- Release:Released in Florida, USA (Howard and Weissling, 1999). Establishment:Established in Florida (Howard and Weissling, 1999). Impact:Coccobius fulvus did not suppress cycad scale (the target pest) in Florida. | Basheer et al., 2011 Howard and Weissling, 1999 Matsumoto et al., 2004 Noyes, 2017 Takagi, 1991 Van Driesche et al., 1998a Wang et al., 2014 |
| Parasitoid | Coccobius fulvus (Compere and Annecke) Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) lists three synonyms: Coccobius mcdonaldi Shafee, Siddiqui and Rizvi; Physcus albipodus Agarwal; and Physcus fulvus Compere and Annecke. For a revision of the genus Coccobius, see Wang et al. (2014). | 2002 USA, Guam (from Thailand via Florida USA) (G. Reddy, pers. comm.) | Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi Diaspididae | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. In addition to A. yasumasui (Howard and Weissling, 1999), C. fulvus is reported from additional diaspidid scales: (1) Unaspis yanonensis (Takagi, 1991; Matsumoto et al., 2004) and (2) Unaspis euonymi (Van Driesche et al., 1998a). A literature record also exists of Parthenolecanium corni Bouché (Coccidae) (Basheer et al., 2011). In addition, Noyes (2017) lists 4 more diaspidids as hosts: (1) Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead), (2) Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), (3) Aulacaspis crawii (Cockerell), and (4) Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley). | Family? Diaspididae (7 species in 6 genera, plus 1 record of a host in the Coccidae that needs confirmation since it is not found in Noyes [2017]) | E?/I- Release:Released in Guam (G. Reddy, pers. comm.). Establishment:Establishment in Guam not confirmed (T. Marler, pers. comm.). Impact:No known effect on the scale on Guam. | Basheer et al., 2011 G. Reddy, pers. comm. Howard and Weissling, 1999 Matsumoto et al., 2004 Noyes, 2017 T. Marler, pers. comm. Takagi, 1991 Van Driesche et al., 1998a Wang et al., 2014 |
| Parasitoid | Coccobius nr fulvus Aphelinidae Also given as Physcus nr fulvus. Coccobius nr fulvus may be the same as Coccobius fulvus. This is consistent with a recent revision of Chinese Coccobius (Wang et al., 2014). However, direct genetic comparisons have not been made. For lack of confirmed species identity, Noyes (2017) could not be consulted for synonyms or literature hosts. | 1990–1995 USA, Massachusetts (from China) (Van Driesche et al., 1998a) | Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Diaspididae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. For lack of confirmed species identity, Noyes (2017) could not be consulted for literature hosts. | Family? Diaspididae (species composition unknown due to uncertainties with agent identification) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Massachusetts, USA (Van Driesche et al., 1998a). Establishment:Established in Massachusetts (O’Reilly and Van Driesche, 2009). Impact:An average of 21% parasitism was observed 12–16 years after release (O’Reilly and Van Driesche, 2009). | Noyes, 2017 O’Reilly and Van Driesche, 2009 Van Driesche et al., 1998a Wang et al., 2014 |
| Parasitoid | Cosmocomoidea ashmeadi (Girault) Mymaridae The change from Gonatocerus to Cosmocomoidea follows Huber (2015). Noyes (2017) lists three synonyms: Gonatocerus ashmeadi Girault, Gonatocerus dolichocerus ashmeadi Girault, and Lymaenon ashmeadi (Girault). | 2001 USA, California (from Louisiana USA and Mexico) (D. Morgan, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture; Boyd and Hoddle, 2007) | Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) Cicadellidae Glassy-wing sharpshooter, GWSS. Formerly Homalodisca coagulata | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. Retrospective host-range testing done in California found that Homalodisca liturata Ball was a physiologically acceptable host, but that Draeculacephala minerva Ball and Graphocephala atropunctata (Signoret) were not (Boyd and Hoddle, 2007). Field surveys found no parasitism of G. atropunctata or D. minerva eggs by C. ashmeadi in native habitats in southern California (Boyd and Hoddle, 2007). Noyes (2017) lists 5 additional hosts: (1) Cuerna costalis (Fabricius), (2) Homalodisca lacerta (Fowler), (3) Oncometopia clarior (Walker), (4) Oncometopia orbona Hopper, and (5) Oncometopia undata (Fabricius). | Family Cicadellidae (7 species in 3 genera) | E+/I+ Release:Released in California, USA (Boyd and Hoddle, 2007; but see also Vickerman et al. [2014] and Triapitsyn [2006] for context as either a native species or an earlier natural invasion). Establishment:Large numbers were released in California by the joint USDA-APHIS and CDFA program, mainly in the San Joaquin Valley. Cosmocomoidea ashmeadi is found widely in California (Vickerman et al., 2014), but since we cannot separate what was introduced from what was already there, we cannot say if the introduced population established. Impact:Now the dominant parasitoid of this pest in interior areas of southern California (Lytle and Morse, 2012), causing up to 100% parasitism in samples (Vickerman et al., 2014). It is less abundant in the spring host generation for phenological reasons (Triapitsyn and Phillips, 2000; Vickerman et al., 2014). | Boyd and Hoddle, 2007 D. Morgan, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture Huber, 2015 Lytle and Morse, 2012 Noyes, 2017 Triapitsyn and Phillips, 2000 Triapitsyn, 2006 Vickerman et al., 2014 |
| Parasitoid | Cosmocomoidea fasciata (Girault) Mymaridae The change from Gonatocerus to Cosmocomoidea follows Huber (2015). Noyes (2017) lists two synonyms: Gonatocerus fasciatus Girault and Lymaenon fasciatus (Girault). | 2006 USA, California (from southeastern USA) (D. Morgan, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture; S. Triapitsyn, pers. comm.). This species was present as a native species in northern California USA, but not present at the time of release in southern California, where it was released (S. Triapitsyn, pers. comm.). | Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) Cicadellidae Glassy-wing sharpshooter, GWSS. Formerly Homalodisca coagulata | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. However, retrospectively, host-range testing done in California found that Homalodisca liturata Ball and Draeculacephala minerva Ball were physiologically acceptable hosts, but that Graphocephala atropunctata (Signoret) was not (Boyd and Hoddle, 2007). Field surveys failed to reveal parasitism of G. atropunctata or D. minerva eggs by C. fasciata in native habitats in southern California (Boyd and Hoddle, 2007). Literature host records include Oncometopia orbona (Fabricius) (Triapitsyn et al., 2003). Noyes (2017) lists 2 additional species as hosts: (1) Homalodisca liturata Ball and (2) Paraulacizes irrorata (Fabricius). | Family Cicadellidae (4 species in 3 genera) | E-/I- Release:This species was present as a native species in northern California USA, but not present at the time of release in southern California, where it was released (S. Triapitsyn, pers. comm.). Establishment:Establishment did not occur in southern California (S. Triapitsyn, pers. comm.; D. Morgan, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture). Impact:Not applicable | Boyd and Hoddle, 2007 D. Morgan, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture Huber, 2015 Noyes, 2017 S. Triapitsyn, pers. comm. Triapitsyn et al., 2003 |
| Parasitoid | Cosmocomoidea triguttata (Girault) Mymaridae The change from Gonatocerus to Cosmocomoidea follows Huber (2015). Noyes (2017) lists two synonyms: Gonatocerus triguttatus Girault and Gonatocerus triguttus Girault. | 2000 USA, California (from southeastern USA and northeastern Mexico) (D. Morgan, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture; S. Triapitsyn, pers. comm.) | Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) Cicadellidae Glassy-wing sharpshooter, GWSS. Formerly Homalodisca coagulata | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. Triapitsyn and Phillips (2000) state that hosts are likely limited to the genera Homalodisca and Oncometopia. Literature hosts include H. vitripennis in Tamaulipas, Mexico (Triapitsyn and Phillips, 2000) and Oncometopia nigricans Walker in Florida (USA) (Triapitsyn et al., 2002). Noyes (2017) lists 5 additional species as hosts: (1) Homalodisca lacerta (Fowler), (2) Homalodisca liturata Ball, (3) Oncometopia clarior (Walker), (4) Pseudometopia amblardii (Signoret), (5) and Pseudometopia phalaesia (Distant). | Family Cicadellidae (7 species in 3 genera) | E+/I? Release:Released in California, USA (S. Triapitsyn, pers. comm.). Establishment:Established in California (S. Triapitsyn, pers. comm.; D. Morgan, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture). Impact:No information available. | D. Morgan, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture Huber, 2015 Noyes, 2017 S. Triapitsyn, pers. comm. Triapitsyn and Phillips, 2000 Triapitsyn et al., 2002 |
| Parasitoid | Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) Braconidae This species was formerly known as Apanteles flavipes. It is a member of a four-species complex (Polaszek and Walker, 1991; Muirhead et al., 2012). | 1985–1987 USA, northern Texas (from the Indo-Australian region) (Overholt and Smith, 1990). This species was first released, pre-1985, in the USA in southern Texas, in the Rio Grande Valley, where it established (Fuchs et al., 1979). In 1985–1987, a second release was made in northern Texas (Overholt and Smith, 1990). | Diatraea grandiosella Dyar Crambidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. From literature records, C. flavipes is known to attack many noctuid and crambid stemborers in grasses (Rutledge and Wiedenmann, 1999), including (1) Sesamia inferens (Walker) (Noctuidae) (Rothschild, 1970); (2–3) Diatraea saccharalis (F.) and Diatraea impersonatella (Walker) (Crambidae) (Galichet, 1971); (4) Chilo sacchariphagus (Bojer) (Crambidae) (Betbeder-Matibet, 1971); (5) Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Crambidae) (Varma and Bindra, 1974); (6) Chilo polychrysus (Meyrick) (Crambidae) (Ooi, 1974); (7) Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Crambidae) (Nath and Hikim, 1978); (8) Bissetia steniellus (Hampson) (Crambidae) (Varma et al., 1981); (9) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Crambidae) (Rajapakse and Kulasekare, 1982); (10) Diatraea dyari Box (Crambidae) (Willink, 1982); (11–12) Chilo orichalcociliellus (Strand) (Crambidae) and Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae) (Overholt et al., 1994); (13) Chilo tumidicostalis Hampson (Crambidae) (Borah and Sarma, 1995); (14–15) Sesamia poephaga Tams & Bowden (Noctuidae), Coniesta ignefusalis (Hampson) (Crambidae) (Hailemichael et al., 1997); (16) Chilo infuscatellus Snellen (Crambidae) (Cheng et al., 1999); and (17) Diatraea centrella (Möschler) (Crambidae) (Haynes et al., 2001). | Two Families Noctuidae (3 species in 1 genus, Sesamia), Crambidae (14 species in 6 genera) | E-/I- Release:This species was first released, pre-1985, in the USA in southern Texas, in the Rio Grande Valley, where it established (Fuchs et al., 1979). In 1985–1987, a second release was made in northern Texas (Overholt and Smith, 1990). Establishment:In contrast to outcomes in southern Texas, releases in 1985–1987 in northern Texas did not lead to the establishment of C. flavipes (Overholt and Smith, 1990). Impact:Not applicable | Betbeder-Matibet, 1971 Borah and Sarma, 1995 Cheng et al., 1999 Fuchs et al., 1979 Galichet, 1971 Hailemichael et al., 1997 Haynes et al., 2001 Muirhead et al., 2012 Nath and Hikim, 1978 Ooi, 1974 Overholt and Smith, 1990 Overholt et al., 1994 Rajapakse and Kulasekare, 1982 Polaszek and Walker, 1991 Rothschild, 1970 Rutledge and Wiedenmann, 1999 Varma and Bindra, 1974 Varma et al., 1981 Willink, 1982 |
| Parasitoid | Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) Braconidae This species was formerly known as Apanteles flavipes. It is a member of a four-species complex (Polaszek and Walker, 1991; Muirhead et al., 2012). | 1985 Mexico, Tamaulipas (from the Indo-Australian region) (Rodríguez-del-Bosque and Smith, Jr., 1997) | Diatraea saccharalis (F.) Crambidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. Known to attack many noctuid and crambid stemborers in grasses (Rutledge and Wiedenmann, 1999), including (1) Sesamia inferens (Walker) (Noctuidae) (Rothschild, 1970); (2–3) Diatraea saccharalis (F.) and Diatraea impersonatella (Walker) (Crambidae) (Galichet, 1971); (4) Chilo sacchariphagus (Bojer) (Crambidae) (Betbeder-Matibet, 1971); (5) Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Crambidae) (Varma and Bindra, 1974); (6) Chilo polychrysus (Meyrick) (Crambidae) (Ooi, 1974); (7) Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Crambidae) (Nath and Hikim, 1978); (8) Bissetia steniellus (Hampson) (Crambidae) (Varma et al., 1981); (9) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Crambidae) (Rajapakse and Kulasekare, 1982); (10) Diatraea dyari Box (Crambidae) (Willink, 1982); (11–12) Chilo orichalcociliellus (Strand) (Crambidae) and Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae) (Overholt et al., 1994); (13) Chilo tumidicostalis Hampson (Borah and Sarma, 1995); (14–15) Sesamia poephaga Tams & Bowden (Noctuidae), Coniesta ignefusalis (Hampson) (Crambidae) (Hailemichael et al., 1997); (16) Chilo infuscatellus Snellen (Crambidae) (Cheng et al., 1999); and (17) Diatraea centrella (Möschler) (Crambidae) (Haynes et al., 2001). | Two Families Noctuidae (3 species in 1 genus, Sesamia), Crambidae (14 species in 6 genera) | E+/I? Release:Released in Tamaulipas, Mexico (Rodríguez-del-Bosque and Smith, Jr., 1997). Establishment:Established in Tamaulipas, Mexico (Rodríguez-del-Bosque and Smith, Jr., 1997). Impact:No information available. | Betbeder-Matibet, 1971 Borah and Sarma, 1995 Cheng et al., 1999 Galichet, 1971 Hailemichael et al., 1997 Haynes et al., 2001 Muirhead et al., 2012 Nath and Hikim, 1978 Ooi, 1974 Overholt et al., 1994 Rajapakse and Kulasekare, 1982 Polaszek and Walker, 1991 Rodríguez-del-Bosque and Smith, Jr., 1997 Rothschild, 1970 Rutledge and Wiedenmann, 1999 Varma and Bindra, 1974 Varma et al., 1981 Willink, 1982 |
| Parasitoid | Cotesia rubecula (Marshall) Braconidae This species was formerly known as Apanteles rubecula. The parasitoid imported from Beijing, China by Van Driesche was identified as C. rubecula, but may be a distinct species (given as C. nr. rubecula by You et al. [2012]), though this needs confirmation. | 1988 USA, Massachusetts, (from China) (Van Driesche and Nunn, 2002). Three different populations have been released or spread naturally in North America, two of these before 1985. | Pieris rapae L. Pieridae | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. In the laboratory, in Holland, local C. rubecula attacked local Pieris rapae, P. brassicae, and P. napi; this parasitoid population developed successfully in P. rapae and P. brassicae, but not in P. napi (Geervliet and Brodeur, 1992). In Massachusetts, USA, in the laboratory, both the local Pieris oleracea Harris (formerly P. napi) and Pieris virginiensis Edwards were suitable physiological hosts for C. rubecula (Van Driesche et al., 2003) but were not attacked in the field (P. virginiensis [Benson et al., 2003a]; P. napi [Benson et al., 2003b; Van Driesche et al., 2003]). In New Zealand, in laboratory host range tests with 9 species, 2 non-target species received ovipositions (Plutella xylostella [L.] [Plutellidae] and Graphania mutans [Walker] [Noctuidae]), but neither of these 2 hosts supported larval development (Cameron and Walker, 1997). | Genus in laboratory; Species in field Pieridae (1 field host in 1 genus, Pieris) | E+/I+ Release:(1) A Cotesia rubecula population of unknown origin naturally invaded British Columbia, Canada (Wilkinson, 1966) and later spread naturally into the northwestern USA in the 1970s (Biever, 1992) as well as being released in the eastern United States in the 1960s (Puttler et al., 1970). (2) A second C. rubecula population was collected from Yugoslavia and released in the eastern United States in the 1960s (Puttler et al., 1970). (3) A third C. rubecula population was introduced from China into Massachusetts, USA in 1988 (Van Driesche and Nunn, 2002). Establishment:Releases of population (#1), made in the 1960s in the eastern United States, of C. rubecula collected from British Columbia (Puttler et al., 1970), or later of population (#2) from Yugoslavia, did not result in establishment (McDonald and Kok, 1992), except perhaps in eastern Canada (Corrigan, 1982; Godin and Boivan, 1998). In 1988, C. rubecula imported from China (#3) established readily in Massachusetts and spread throughout the northeastern and north central USA (Van Driesche and Nunn, 2002). Impact:Damage was significantly reduced per larva by C. rubecula because hosts were killed as fourth instars, before the majority of larval feeding (Rahman, 1970). In the northwestern United States, the Vancouver, BC population of the parasitoid (#1) became the dominant parasitoid of P. rapae in Washington state (Biever et al., 1992). The Chinese population of C. rubecula (#3) proved highly effective and caused 75% parasitism in spring cole crops on organic vegetable farms in Massachusetts and displaced its competitor, the introduced Cotesia glomerata (L.) (Van Driesche, 2008). Cohorts of P. rapae established on collards in Massachusetts for lifetable studies suffered 62% parasitism by C. rubecula, the largest source of larval mortality (Herlihy and Van Driesche, 2013). | Benson et al., 2003a Benson et al., 2003b Biever et al., 1992 Biever, 1992 Cameron and Walker, 1997 Corrigan, 1982 Geervliet and Brodeur, 1992 Godin and Boivan, 1998 Herlihy and Van Driesche, 2013 Herlihy et al., 2012 McDonald and Kok, 1992 Puttler et al., 1970 Rahman, 1970 Van Driesche and Nunn, 2002 Van Driesche et al., 2003 Van Driesche, 2008 Wilkinson, 1966 You et al., 2012 |
| Parasitoid | Cotesia vestalis (Kurdjumov) Braconidae This species was formerly known as Cotesia plutellae, and an earlier generic placement was in Apanteles. | 1990–1992 USA, Florida (from Malaysia) (see p. 20 of Frank and McCoy, 1993; Mitchell et al., 1999). This species was also released in Hawaii USA in 1983–84, where it established (Lai and Funasaki, 1986; Funasaki et al., 1988). | Plutella xylostella (L.) Plutellidae Diamondback moth | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release in Florida or Mexico. Laboratory host range studies were done in New Zealand by Cameron and Walker (1997) who found successful reproduction (to the cocoon stage) in 8 of 13 species presented, in 5 families: Plutellidae, Pyralidae, Nymphalidae, Arctiidae, and Noctuidae. In laboratory tests, parasitism of the weed biological control agent Nyctemera amica (Arctiidae) ended the consideration of C. vestalis for introduction to Australia (Endersby and Cameron, 2004), and for the same reason it was decided not to introduce it to the Cook Islands (Walker et al., 2004). Laboratory-rearing hosts recorded in the literature include Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Pyralidae) (Wang et al., 1972) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Noctuidae) (Yadav et al., 2010). Field host records include (1) Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Noctuidae) (Joshi and Sharma, 1974); (2) Spodoptera litura (F.) (Noctuidae) (Chiu and Chou, 1976); (3) Ocnogyna baetica (Rambur) (Arctiidae) (Lipa et al., 1993); (4–5) Autographa gamma (L.) (Noctuidae) and Autographa nigrisigna (Walker) (Noctuidae) (Kaneko, 1993); (6) Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Noctuidae) (Guimarães et al., 1995); (7) Proclossiana eunomia (Esper) (Nymphalidae) (Waeyenbergh and Baguette, 1996); (8) Nyctemera amica (White) (Arctiidae) (Endersby and Cameron, 2004); and (9) Simyra dentinosa Freyer (Noctuidae) (Karimpour et al., 2005). | Five Families Plutellidae (1 species, the target pest), Noctuidae (7 species in 5 genera), Pyralidae (1 species), Arctiidae (2 species in 2 genera), Nymphalidae (1 species) | E?/I? Release:Released in Florida, USA (see p. 20 of Frank and McCoy, 1993; Mitchell et al., 1999). Establishment:Establishment in Florida was not determined (see p. 20 of Frank and McCoy, 1993), but may have occurred (see Mitchell et al., 1999). Impact:Augmentative releases achieved 37% parasitism in field trials (Mitchell et al., 1999), but the impact of self-sustaining populations was not determined. | Cameron and Walker, 1997 Chiu and Chou, 1976 Endersby and Cameron, 2004 Frank and McCoy, 1993 Funasaki et al., 1988 Guimarães et al., 1995 Joshi and Sharma, 1974 Kaneko, 1993 Karimpour et al., 2005 Lai and Funasaki, 1986 Lipa et al., 1993 Mitchell et al., 1999 Waeyenbergh and Baguette, 1996 Walker et al., 2004 Wang et al., 1972 Yadav et al., 2010 |
| Parasitoid | Dacnusa sibirica Telenga Braconidae No synonyms reported in the literature. | 1995 Mexico (from Koppert and other commercial insectaries) (Cortez Mondaca and Valenzuela Escoboza, 2015) | Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) Agromyzidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature records note the following agromyzid leafminers as hosts: (1) Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach) (Zucchi and van Lenteren, 1978); (2) Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (van de Veire, 1988); (3) Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Garrido et al., 1992); (4) as a laboratory-rearing host: Phytomyza caulinaris Hering (van der Linden, 1992); (5) Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Leuprecht, 1993); and (6) as a laboratory-rearing host: Chromatomyia syngenesiae Hardy (Croft and Copland, 1994). | Family Agromyzidae (6 species in 3 genera) | E?/I- Release:Released in Mexico (Cortez Mondaca and Valenzuela Escoboza, 2015). Establishment:The release in Mexico was for use in greenhouses and its establishment was not intended nor looked for. Impact:No pest was being targeted for permanent, areawide suppression; no report was found of establishment outside of augmentative release sites. | Cortez Mondaca and Valenzuela Escoboza, 2015 Croft and Copland, 1994 Garrido et al., 1992 Leuprecht, 1993 van de Veire, 1988 van der Linden, 1992 Zucchi and van Lenteren, 1978 |
| Parasitoid | Diachasmimorpha kraussii (Fullaway) Braconidae | 2003 USA, Hawaii (from Australia) (Bokonon-Ganta et al., 2013) | Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) Tephritidae | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing was done before release. Under laboratory conditions, of 4 non-target tephritids (Procecidochares utilis Stone, Eutreta xanthochaeta Aldrich, Ensina sonchi [L.], and Trupanea dubautiae [Bryan]) exposed to D. kraussii in each species’ plant substrate (stem galls of Ageratina adenophora [Spreng.] King & H. Rob. and Lantana camara L. and flowerheads of Sonchus oleraceus L. and Dubautia raillardioides Hillebrand, respectively), only E. xanthochaeta supported successful parasitism (Duan and Messing, 2000). Of 3 pest fruit flies offered as hosts, D. kraussii successfully parasitized Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), but not Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) or Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Messing and Ramadan, 2000). Among Australian tephritids offered under laboratory conditions, D. kraussii successfully developed in Bactrocera jarvisi (Tryon) and B. tryoni (Froggatt), but not B. cacuminata (Hering) or B. cucumis (French) (Ero et al., 2010). Field hosts recorded in the literature include only Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Argov et al., 2009). | Family Tephritidae (6 species in 3 genera) | E?/I- Release:Released in Hawaii (Bokonon-Ganta et al., 2013). Establishment:Established in Hawaii (Bokonon-Ganta et al., 2013). Impact:In Hawaii, D. kraussi had little impact on the target pest, B. latifrons, with rates of field parasitism of about 1.0% (Bokonon-Ganta et al., 2013). | Argov et al., 2009 Bokonon-Ganta et al., 2013 Duan and Messing, 2000 Ero et al., 2010 Messing and Ramadan, 2000 |
| Parasitoid | Diadegma armillata (Gravenhorst) Ichneumonidae Formerly given as Campoplex armillatus, Angitia armillata, Nythobia armillata, and Diadegma armillatum. Other synonyms include Diadegma pseudocombinatum (Szepligeti) and Diadegma tibiale (Gravenhorst) (Yu, 2017). See Wagener et al. (2006) for notes on phylogeny of the genus Diadegma. | 1989–1991 USA, Washington state (from France and Korea) (Unruh et al., 2003) | Yponomeuta malinellus (Zeller) Yponomeutidae Given formerly as Hyponomeuta malinellus | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Post-release host range studies showed 3 species of Yponomeuta to be suitable hosts (Y. evonymellus, Y. rorellus, Y. padellus), while 4 others were not (Y. vigintipunctatus [Retzius], Y. cagnagellus [Hübner], Y. mahalebellus Guenée, and Y. plumbellus [Denis & Schiffermüller]) due to encapsulation (Dijkerman, 1990; Hérard and Prévost, 1997). Literature field host records include 8 species in 4 families: Yponomeutidae: (1) Y. rorellus (Hübner) (Koehler and Kolk, 1971); (2) Yponomeuta evonymella L. (Bartninkaite, 1996); (3) Yponomeuta padella (L.) (formerly Hyponomeuta padellus) (Servadei, 1930); Tortricidae: (4) Grapholita molesta (Busck) (formerly Cydia molesta) (Grandi, 1937); (5) Choristoneura murinana (Hübner) (formerly in Tortrix) (Franz, 1941); Coleophoridae: (6) Coleophora laricella (Hübner) (Jahn, 1948); Plutellidae: (7) Plutella xylostella (L.) (Khristova, 1957); (8) Prays oleae (Bernard) (Agrò et al., 2009). | Four Families Yponomeutidae (4 species in 1 genus, Yponomeuta), Tortricidae (2 species in 2 genera), Coleophoridae (1 species), Plutellidae (2 species in 2 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in Washington state, USA (Unruh et al., 2003). Establishment:Did not establish in Washington state (Unruh et al., 2003). Impact:Not applicable | Agrò et al., 2009 Bartninkaite, 1996 Dijkerman, 1990 Franz, 1941 Grandi, 1937 Hérard and Prévost, 1997 Jahn, 1948 Khristova, 1957 Koehler and Kolk, 1971 Servadei, 1930 Unruh et al., 2003 Wagener et al., 2006 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Diadegma semiclausum Hellén Ichneumonidae Formerly given as Angitia semiclausa Hellen. Other synonyms include Diadegma eucerophagum Horstmann and Diadegma xylostellae Kusigemati (Yu, 2017). See Wagener et al. (2006) for notes on phylogeny of the genus Diadegma. | 1985 USA, Hawaii (from Pakistan) (Funasaki et al., 1988) | Plutella xylostella (L.) Plutellidae Diamondback moth | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing was done before release. No other hosts are reported in the literature, and the species shows a strong response to cabbage odor, particularly to cabbage infested by P. xylostella (Rossbach et al., 2005). | Possibly Species Xylostellidae (known only from the target pest) | E?/I? Release:Released in Hawaii (Funasaki et al., 1988). Establishment:Establishment in Hawaii was never assessed. Given the establishment of this species in many other locations, it is likely to have established in Hawaii. Impact:Impact has not been evaluated. However, given successful control of this pest in many other locations, D. semiclausum may have reduced diamondback moth densities in Hawaii, but that needs confirmation. | Funasaki et al., 1988 Rossbach et al., 2005 Wagener et al., 2006 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Diadromus pulchellus Wesmael Ichneumonidae No synonyms have been reported (Yu, 2017). | 2010 Canada, Ontario (from Switzerland and surrounding countries) (Mason et al., 2013) | Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zeller) Acrolepiidae | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing done before release (Jenner, 2008). Host range studies done before release (Jenner, 2008) but published after release (Jenner et al., 2014) found that 3 of 12 non-target species tested were suitable hosts: (1) Plutella xylostella L. (Plutellidae) (also known as a field host), (2) Acrolepiopsis incertella (Chambers) (Acrolepiidae), and (3) Plutella porrectella (L.) (Plutellidae). Literature records of field hosts include only Plutella xylostella (Thibout, 1988). Host acceptance for oviposition is stimulated by compounds in the host cocoon (Bénédet et al., 1999; Gauthier et al., 2004). | Two Families Acrolepiidae (2 species in 1 genus, Acrolepiopsis), Plutellidae (2 species in 1 genus, Plutella) | E+/I- Release:Released in Ontario, Canada (Mason et al., 2013). Establishment:Recovered in Ontario at release sites in year following release (Mason et al., 2013). Impact:Little impact observed in Canada after release, perhaps due to hyperparasitism by Conura albifrons (Walsh) (Chalcididae) (Miall et al., 2014). Native range impact studies done in Europe before release in Canada suggest potential high efficacy (Jenner et al., 2010). | Bénédet et al., 1999 Gauthier et al., 2004 Jenner et al., 2010 Jenner et al., 2014 Jenner, 2008 Mason et al., 2013 Miall et al., 2014 Thibout, 1988 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) Braconidae Given earlier as Diaeretus rapae Curtis and Aphidius brassicae Marshall. | 1986 USA, California (from Switzerland) (Daane et al., 1995a). This species is apparently native to the USA. Before this introduction, a species with this name was reported from Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Davis and Satterthwait, 1916; Pimentel, 1961), including in California (Oatman and Platner, 1971). | Brachycorynella asparagi (Mordvilko) Aphididae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing was done before release. Literature host records for D. rapae exist for many aphids (Aphididae), including (1) Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Paddook, 1916); (2) Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Wheeler, 1923); (3) Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Newton, 1934); (4–5) Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) and Aphis craccivora C. L. Koch (Atwal et al., 1969); (6) Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Walker et al., 1973); (7) Hayhurstia atriplicis (L.) (Nemec and Starý, 1984); (8) Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Reed et al., 1991); (9–14) Acyrthosiphon lactucae (Passerini), Phorodon humuli (Schrank), Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini, Brachycaudus tragopogonis (Kaltenbach), Uroleucon ivae Robinson, and Braggia sp. (Pike et al., 1999); and (15) Brachycaudus helichrysi Kaltenbach (Nebreda et al., 2005). | Family Aphididae (15 species in 13 genera) | E?/I- Release:Released in California, USA (Contra Costa County) as a single release of 115 individuals (Daane et al., 1995a). Establishment:Diaeretiella rapae was subsequently recovered from asparagus aphid (B. asparagi) in California from counties near the release sites (but not in Contra Costa Co.) (Daane et al., 1995a). Because the released population could not be separated from the form already present, it could not be determined if the introduced form established. Impact:No separable impact due to the released population of the parasitoid could be measured. In Washington state, a parasitoid of the same name commonly attacked asparagus aphid (B. asparagi) but did not regulate it to economically acceptable levels (Wright and Cone, 1988). | Atwal et al., 1969 Daane et al., 1995a Davis and Satterthwait, 1916 Nebreda et al., 2005 Nemec and Starý, 1984 Newton, 1934 Oatman and Platner, 1971 Paddook, 1916 Pike et al., 1999 Pimentel, 1961 Reed et al., 1991 Walker et al., 1973 Wheeler, 1923 Wright and Cone, 1988 |
| Parasitoid | Diaparsis jucunda (Holmgren) Ichneumonidae | 2003 USA, Rhode Island (from Switzerland, France, and other parts of Europe) (Tewksbury, 2014, Tewksbury et al., 2017) | Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli) Chrysomelidae | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing was done before release (Gold, 2003; Kenis et al., 2003; Casagrande and Kenis, 2004; USDA APHIS, 2017). Of 2 non-target European species of Lilioceris tested, both were attacked. Of 8 species of North American non-Lilioceris species (6 in the same family; 2 in other families), none were attacked (Casagrande and Kenis, 2004). | Genus Chrysomelidae (3 species in 1 genus, Lilioceris). Functionally monophagous in North America, where there are no native Lilioceris species. | E+/I? Release:Released in Rhode Island and other New England states in the USA (Tewksbury, 2014, Tewksbury et al., 2017). Establishment:Established in various New England states and spreading (Tewksbury, 2014, Tewksbury et al., 2017). Impact:Not yet determined. | Casagrande and Kenis, 2004 Daane et al., 1995a Gold, 2003 Kenis et al., 2003 Tewksbury et al., 2017 Tewksbury, 2014 USDA APHIS, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Shafee, Alam & Agarwal) Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists seven synonyms and some further minor variants: (1) Aphidencyrtus aligarhensis Shafee, Alam and Agarwal; (2) Aphidencyrtus diaphorinae Myartseva and Trjapitzin; (3) Aphidencyrtus sacchari Kaul and Agarwal; (4) Diaphorencyrtus aligarensis (Shafee, Alam and Agarwal); (5) Diaphorencyrtus diaphorinae (Lin and Tao); (6) Psyllaephagus diaphorinae Lin and Tao; and (7) Syrphophagus aligarhensis (Shafee, Alam and Agarwal). | 2000–2014 USA: (1) Florida: 2000–2002 (from Taiwan) (Hoy, 2005); 2007–2009 (from China) (Rohrig et al., 2012); (2) California: 2014 (from Pakistan) (USDA APHIS, 2014; Milosavljevi? et al., 2017) | Diaphorina citri Kuwayama Liviidae | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing was done before release (Bistline-East et al., 2015). Seven non-target psyllids in 4 families were used in host range tests: (1) Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Triozidae), (2) Heteropsylla sp. (Psyllidae: Ciriacreminae), (3) Arytainilla spartiophylla (Forester) (Psyllidae: Psyllinae), (4) Euphyllura olivina (Costa) (Liviidae: Euphyllurinae), (5) Heteropsylla texana Crawford (Psyllidae: Ciriacreminae), (6) Diclidophlebia fremontiae (Klyver) (Liviidae: Liviinae), and (7) Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Moore (Aphalaridae). Parasitism occurred on only one species, the adventive pest the potato psyllid (B. cockerelli), which showed 14% parasitism (Bistline-East et al., 2015). No species other than the pest D. citri are listed in the literature as hosts of D. aligarhensis. However, Noyes (2017) lists 2 additional species as hosts: Diaphorina cardiae Crawford and Psylla sp. | Three Families in the Superfamily Psylloidea or Genus? Liviidae (2 species in 1 genus, Diaphorina), Triozidae (1 species in Bactericera under laboratory conditions), Psyllidae (1 unnamed species of Psylla) | E+/I+ Release:(1) Florida, USA: Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis from Taiwan were released in Florida in 2000–2002 (Hoy, 2005) and ones from China in 2007–2009 (Rohrig et al., 2012). (2) California, USA: Released in California from Pakistan in 2014 (USDA APHIS, 2014; Milosavljevi? et al., 2017). Establishment:(1) Florida: Not established in Florida (Rohrig et al., 2012). (2) California: Recoveries have been made at 13 of 15 release sites (Milosavljevi? et al., 2017). Impact:(1) Florida: Not applicable. (2) California: Rates of parasitism at release sites in California range from 0.2–37.5% (Milosavljevi? et al., 2017). | Bistline-East et al., 2015 Hoy, 2005 Milosavljević et al., 2017 Noyes, 2017 Rohrig et al., 2012 USDA APHIS, 2014 |
| Parasitoid | Diglyphus isaea (Walker) Braconidae This species may be a complex of many cryptic species, four having been suggested from China alone (Sha et al., 2007). Synonyms include Solenotus isaea. | 1995 Mexico (from Koppert or other commercial insectaries) (Cortez Mondaca and Valenzuela Escoboza, 2015) | Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) Agromyzidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature hosts include various agromyzid (unless other family is given) leafminers: (1) Pseudonapomyza dianthicola Venturi (Ciampolini, 1949); (2) Phytomyza syngenesiae (= Chromatomyia syngenesiae) (Hardy) (Burges, 1974); (3) Napomyza cichorii Spencer (Sant et al., 1975); (4) Phytomyza horticola Gourea (Takada and Kamijo, 1979); (5–6) Agromyza frontella (Rondani) and Liriomyza trifoliearum Spener (Hendrickson and Barth, 1979); (7) Stigmella malella (Stainton) (Nepticulidae) (Navone and Vidano, 1983); (8) Liriomyza strigata (Meigen) (Villevieille, 1987); (9) Liriomyza cicerina (Rondani) (Weigand, 1990); (10) Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Leuprecht, 1992); (11) Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach) (Boot et al., 1992); (12) Phytomyza caulinaris Hering (van der Linden, 1992); (13) Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Beitia et al., 1994); (14) Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Gracillariidae) (González Tirado et al., 1996); (15) Agromyza hiemalis Becker (Massa and Rizzo, 2000); (16) Paraphytomyza populi (Kaltenbach) (Georgiev and Boyadzhiev, 2002); (17) Agromyza nigrella (Rondani) (El-Serwy, 2003); (18) Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Niranjana et al., 2005); (19–20) Liriomyza brassicae (Riley) and Liriomyza chenopodii (Watt) (Bjorksten et al., 2005); and (21) Liriomyza chinensis Kato (Tokumaru, 2006). | Three Families (leafminers in two orders) DIPTERA: Agromyzidae (17 species in 7 genera, of which 8 species are in Liriomza); LEPIDOPTERA: Nepticulidae (1 species) and Gracillariidae (1 species) | E-/I- Release:Released in Mexico (Cortez Mondaca and Valenzuela Escoboza, 2015). Establishment:The release in Mexico was for use in greenhouses, and its establishment was not intended or looked for. Impact:No pest was being targeted for permanent, areawide suppression; no report was found of establishment outside of augmentative release sites. | Beitia et al., 1994 Bjorksten et al., 2005 Boot et al., 1992 Burges, 1974 Ciampolini, 1949 Cortez Mondaca and Valenzuela Escoboza, 2015 El-Serwy, 2003 Georgiev and Boyadzhiev, 2002 González Tirado et al., 1996 Hendrickson and Barth, 1979 Leuprecht, 1992 Massa and Rizzo, 2000 Navone and Vidano, 1983 Niranjana et al., 2005 Noyes, 2017 Sant et al., 1975 Sha et al., 2007 Takada and Kamijo, 1979 Tokumaru, 2006 van der Linden, 1992 Villevieille, 1987 Weigand, 1990 |
| Parasitoid | Digonogastra kimballi Kirkland Braconidae Formerly known as Iphiaulax kimballi. | 1985–1987 USA, northern Texas (from Mexico) (Overholt and Smith, 1990) | Diatraea grandiosella Dyar Crambidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature hosts include Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) and 6 species of Diatraea (all are Crambidae) (Wharton et al., 1989; Rodríguez-del-Bosque and Smith, 1990). | Family Crambidae (7 species in 2 genera; 6 in Diatraea). | E?/I- Release:Released in northern Texas, USA (Overholt and Smith, 1990). Establishment:Establishment was not demonstrated conclusively, but some ability to overwinter was observed (Overholt and Smith, 1990). Impact:Not applicable | Overholt and Smith, 1990 Rodríguez-del-Bosque and Smith, 1990 Wharton et al., 1989 |
| Parasitoid | Doryctobracon trinidadensis (Gahan) Braconidae Formerly in Opius. | 1985 USA, Florida (from Trinidad) (Baranowski et al., 1993) | Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) Tephritidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include Anastrepha serpentina (Wiedemann) and Anastrepha striata Schiner (Gahan, 1919). | Genus Tephritidae (3 species in 1 genus, Anastrepha) | E?/I- Release:Released in Florida, USA (see Table 1 of Baranowski et al., 1993). Establishment:Some initial recoveries were made but establishment could not be confirmed (Baranowski et al., 1993). Impact:Not applicable | Baranowski et al., 1993 Gahan, 1919 |
| Parasitoid | Encarsia aurantii (Howard) Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) lists three synonyms: (1) Coccophagus aurantii Howard, (2) Prospalta aurantii (Howard), and (3) Prospaltella aurantii (Howard). | 1988 USA, California (from Texas USA) (Ehler, 1995, 2005). This Asian species, self-introduced to the United States, was collected from Texas, part of the scale’s native range, and then later released in 1988 in California, a different ecoregion. | Melanaspis obscura (Comstock) Diaspididae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing was done before release. Literature host records include 11 species of diaspidids in 8 genera: (1) Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock (Diaspididae) (Nakayama, 1921); (2) Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) (Anon., 1929); (3) Lepidosaphes gloveri (Packard) (Wasser, 1938); (4) Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne (Reyne, 1948); (5–6) Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Sulc) and Leucaspis loewi Cockerell (Mesnil, 1949); (7) Aonidomytilus espinosai (Porter) (Matta and Hichins, 1979); (8) Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (Terán et al., 1985); (9) Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) (Khalaf and Sokhansanj, 1993); (10) Parlatoria oleae (Colvée) (Abd-Rabou, 2001); and (11) Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) (Chkhaidze and Yasnosh, 2001). Noyes (2017) lists an extensive set of hosts, including 1 in Aleyrodidae, 3 in Coccidae, 52 in Diaspididae, and 1 in Kermesidae. | Family? Diaspididae (64 species in 28 genera; plus 5 other records in need of confirmation, including 3 species in 1 genus in the Coccidae, and 1 species in each of the Kermesidae and Aleyrodidae) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Sacramento, California, USA (Ehler, 1995, 2005). Establishment:Established at release site (Ehler, 1995, 2005). Impact:By 2002 (4 years after release), the scale was under complete biological control and chemical pesticides were no longer needed to protect the trees (Ehler, 1995, 2005). | Abd-Rabou, 2001 Anon., 1929 Chkhaidze and Yasnosh, 2001 Ehler, 1995 Ehler, 2005 Khalaf and Sokhansanj, 1993 Matta and Hichins, 1979 Mesnil, 1949 Nakayama, 1921 Noyes, 2017 Reyne, 1948 Terán et al., 1985 Wasser, 1938 |
| Parasitoid | Encarsia bimaculata Heraty and Polaszek Aphelinidae For species description see (Heraty and Polaszek, 2000). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1994–1997 USA: (1) Texas, Arizona, California: (from India) (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003; Gould et al., 2008; W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture); (2) Florida: (from Guatemala, India, and Sudan) (Nguyen and Bennett, 1995) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other literature hosts are listed. Noyes (2017) lists one additional host: Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood. | Family Aleyrodidae (2 species in 2 genera) | E+/I? Release:(1) western USA: Released in the western USA (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003); (2) Florida, USA: Released in Florida (Lahey 2014; Lahey et al., 2016). Establishment:(1) western USA: Not established in the western USA (Gould et al., 2008). (2) Florida: Successfully established in Florida (Lahey, 2014; Lahey et al., 2016). Impact:(1) western USA: Not applicable. (2) Florida: Impact not determined. | Gould et al., 2008 Heraty and Polaszek, 2000 Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003 Lahey 2014 Lahey et al., 2016 Nguyen and Bennett, 1995 Noyes, 2017 W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture |
| Parasitoid | Encarsia diaspidicola (Silvestri) Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Prospaltella diaspidicola Silvestri. | 2013 USA, Hawaii (from the USA, France, and Tonga—mixed colony via Samoa [Sands et al., 1990]) (Follett et al., 2015) | Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) Diaspididae | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing was done before release (Neumann et al., 2010). Of 7 non-target insects tested by Neumann et al. (2010), none were parasitized or killed. These non-target species examined included three diaspidids (Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli [Cooley], Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi), and the Hawaiian endemic palm scale, Colobopyga pritchardiae (Stickney) (Halimococcidae) (Neumann et al., 2010). Literature hosts for Encarsia diaspidicola are 2 diaspidid scales: (1) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Sands et al., 1990) and (2) Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Matadha et al., 2005). In addition, Noyes (2017) lists 3 other diaspidid hosts: (1) Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), (2) Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), and (3) Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman). | Family Diaspididae (5 species in 5 genera) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Hawaii (Follett et al., 2015). Establishment:Established in Hawaii (Follett et al., 2015). Impact:Established populations of E. diaspidicola are causing 5–12% parasitism of the target pest, P. pentagona (Follett et al., 2015). | Follett et al., 2015 Matadha et al., 2005 Neumann et al., 2010 Noyes, 2017 Sands et al., 1990 Van Driesche et al., 1998a |
| Parasitoid | Encarsia formosa Gahan Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Trichaporus formosus (Gahan). | 1992–1995 USA, California and Arizona (from Greece, Egypt, and Thailand) (Goolsby et al., 1998; Kirk et al., 2000; W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release (species already present in USA). Literature host records include the following whiteflies: (1) Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Speyer, 1927); (2) Dialeurodes chittendeni Laing (Wilson, 1935); (3) Aleyrodes spiraeoides Quaintance and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Gerling, 1966); and (4) Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) (Shishehbor and Brennan, 1995). Noyes (2017) lists 12 additional species as hosts: (1) Aleuroglandulus subtilis Bondar, (2) Aleurothrixus floccosus Maskell, (3) Aleurotrachelus trachoides Back, (4) Aleyrodes lonicerae Walker, (5) Aleyrodes proletella L., (6) Aleyrodes singularis Danzig, (7) Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead), (8) Lipaleyrodes atriplex (Froggatt), (9) Lipaleyrodes euphorbiae David & Subramaniam, (10) Tetraleurodes mori Quaintance, (11) Trialeurodes abutiloneus Haldeman, and (12) Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance). | Family Aleyrodidae (16 species in 9 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in southwestern United States (Gould et al., 2008, Kirk et al., 2000; W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture). Establishment:Encarisia formosa strains from Greece, Egypt, and Thailand did not establish (Goolsby et al., 1998; Kirk et al., 2000). Impact:Not applicable | Arredondo-Bernal, 1999 G. Reddy, pers. comm. Gerling, 1966 Goolsby et al., 1998 Kirk et al., 2000 Noyes, 2017 Shishehbor and Brennan, 1995 Speyer, 1927 W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture Wilson, 1935 |
| Parasitoid | Encarsia formosa Gahan Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Trichaporus formosus (Gahan). | 2011 USA, Guam (G. Reddy, pers. comm.) (from a commercial insectary) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release (species already present in USA). Literature host records include the following whiteflies: (1) Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Speyer, 1927); (2) Dialeurodes chittendeni Laing (Wilson, 1935); (3) Aleyrodes spiraeoides Quaintance and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Gerling, 1966); and (4) Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) (Shishehbor and Brennan, 1995). Noyes (2017) lists 12 additional species as hosts: (1) Aleuroglandulus subtilis Bondar, (2) Aleurothrixus floccosus Maskell, (3) Aleurotrachelus trachoides Back, (4) Aleyrodes lonicerae Walker, (5) Aleyrodes proletella L., (6) Aleyrodes singularis Danzig, (7) Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead), (8) Lipaleyrodes atriplex (Froggatt), (9) Lipaleyrodes euphorbiae David & Subramaniam, (10) Tetraleurodes mori Quaintance, (11) Trialeurodes abutiloneus Haldeman, and (12) Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance). | Family Aleyrodidae (16 species in 9 genera) | E?/I? Release:Released in Guam (G. Reddy, pers. comm.). Establishment:Believed to have established, but further survey work is needed to confirm this. Impact:No information available. | Arredondo-Bernal, 1999 G. Reddy, pers. comm. Gerling, 1966 Noyes, 2017 Shishehbor and Brennan, 1995 Speyer, 1927 Wilson, 1935 |
| Parasitoid | Encarsia formosa Gahan Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Trichaporus formosus (Gahan). | 1992–1993 Mexico, Baja California (from Egypt and Texas USA) (Arredondo-Bernal, 1999; Martínez Carillo et al., 2015) | Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood Aleyrodidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release (species already present in USA). Literature host records include the following whiteflies: (1) Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Speyer, 1927); (2) Dialeurodes chittendeni Laing (Wilson, 1935); (3) Aleyrodes spiraeoides Quaintance and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Gerling, 1966); and (4) Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) (Shishehbor and Brennan, 1995). Noyes (2017) lists 12 additional species as hosts: (1) Aleuroglandulus subtilis Bondar, (2) Aleurothrixus floccosus Maskell, (3) Aleurotrachelus trachoides Back, (4) Aleyrodes lonicerae Walker, (5) Aleyrodes proletella L., (6) Aleyrodes singularis Danzig, (7) Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead), (8) Lipaleyrodes atriplex (Froggatt), (9) Lipaleyrodes euphorbiae David & Subramaniam, (10) Tetraleurodes mori Quaintance, (11) Trialeurodes abutiloneus Haldeman, and (12) Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance). | Family Aleyrodidae (16 species in 9 genera) | E+/I? Release:Released in Baja California, Mexico (Arredondo-Bernal, 1999; Martínez Carillo et al., 2015). Establishment:Established in Mexico (Myartseva et al., 2012; E. Ruiz Cancino, pers. comm.). However, whether these observed populations are from releases or due to prior natural occurrence in Mexico is undetermined. Impact:No information available. | Arredondo-Bernal, 1999 E. Ruiz Cancino, pers. comm. G. Reddy, pers. comm. Gerling, 1966 Martínez Carillo et al., 2015 Myartseva et al., 2012 Noyes, 2017 Shishehbor and Brennan, 1995 Speyer, 1927 Wilson, 1935 |
| Parasitoid | Encarsia inaron (Walker) Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) lists 14 synonyms: (1) Aphelinus idaeus Walker, (2) Aphelinus inaron Walker, (3) Coccophagus inaron (Walker), (4) Encarsia aleurodis (Mercet), (5) Encarsia aleyrodis (Mercet), (6) Encarsia borealis Hulden, (7) Encarsia brassicae Shafee and Bela, (8) Encarsia indifferentis Mercet, (9) Encarsia partenopea Masi, (10) Myina idaeus (Walker), (11) Trichaporus aleyrodis Mercet, (12) Trichaporus partenopeus (Masi), (13) Trichaporus parthenopeus (Masi), and (14) Trychaporus aleyrodis Mercet. | 1989–1990 USA, California (from Europe) (Gould et al., 1992a) | Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) Aleyrodidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include (1) Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hodson and Beaumont, 1929); (2) Siphoninus granati Priesner and Hosny (Priesner and Hosny, 1932); (3) Aleyrodes proletella (L.) (syn. Aleyrodes brassicae) (Butler, 1936); (4) Asterobemisia avellanae (Signoret) (Viggiani, 1981); (5) Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Mohyuddin et al., 1989); (6) Pealius azaleae (Baker and Moles) (Bene et al., 1991); (7–8) Acaudaleyrodes citri (Priesner and Hosny) and Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) (Abd-Rabou, 2000b); and (9) Neomaskellia andropogonis Corbett (Malekmohammadi et al., 2012). Noyes (2017) lists 13 additional species as hosts: (1) Acaudaleyrodes rachipora (Singh), (2) Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby, (3) Aleurothrixus floccosus Maskell, (4) Aleyrodes elevatus Silvestri, (5) Aleyrodes lonicerae Walker, (6) Aleyrodes singularis Danzig, (7) Asterobemisia carpini Koch, (8) Asterobemisia paveli (Zahradnik), (9) Bulgarialeurodes cotesii (Maskell), (10) Pealius madeirensis Martin, Aguiar & Pita, (11) Pealius quercus (Signoret), (12) Siphoninus immaculatus Heeger, and (13) Tetraleurodes hederae Goux. | Family Aleyrodidae (23 species in 12 genera) | E+/I+ Release:Released in California, USA (Gould et al., 1992a) Establishment:Established readily in California and other states (Bellows et al., 2006). Impact:Lifetables of cohorts at release sites showed that nymphal mortality (2–4th instars) increased from 51–58% at control sites to 96–98% at release sites (Gould et al., 1992ab). Ash whitefly densities on ash in California were reduced 99.9–99.999% by E. inaron (Dreistadt and Flint, 1995). Economic benefits were calculated for California at $220–299 million dollars (Pickett et al., 1996). | Abd-Rabou, 2000b Bellows et al., 2006 Bene et al., 1991 Butler, 1936 Dreistadt and Flint, 1995 Gould et al., 1992a Gould et al., 1992b Hodson and Beaumont, 1929 Malekmohammadi et al., 2012 Mohyuddin et al., 1989 Noyes, 2017 Pickett et al., 1996 Priesner and Hosny, 1932 Viggiani, 1981 |
| Parasitoid | Encarsia lutea (Masi) Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) lists three synonyms: (1) Coccophagus sanctus Girault, (2) Encarsia sancta (Girault), and (3) Prospaltella lutea Masi. | 1991–1999 USA: (1) Florida: 1991 (from Israel) (Nguyen and Bennett, 1995); (2) Texas, Arizona, and California: 1993–1999 (from Israel via Florida USA) (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature hosts include (1) Acaudaleyrodes citri (Priesner & Hosni) (Rosen, 1966); (2) Asterobemisia avellanae (Signoret) (Viggiani, 1981); (3) Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Kajita, 1981); (4) Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) (Longo et al., 1990); and (5–6) Aleurolobus spp. (Abd-Rabou, 1997) and Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) (Abd-Rabou and Abou-Setta, 1998). Males are parasitoids of moth eggs (Stoner and Butler, 1965), including Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Noyes, 2017). Noyes (2017) lists 42 whiteflies as additional hosts, plus 1 coccid scale: (1) Acaudaleyrodes rachipora (Singh), (2) Aleurocanthus cinnamomi Takahashi, (3) Aleurocanthus zizyphi Priesner & Hosny, (4) Aleurolobus marlatti (Quaintance), (5) Aleurolobus niloticus Priesner & Hosny, (6) Aleurolobus rhododendri Takahashi, (7) Aleurolobus setigerus Quaintance and Baker (Ryberg), (8) Aleurolobus wunni (Ryberg) (9) Aleuroplatus acaciae Bink-Moenen, (10) Aleuroplatus pectiniferus Quaintance & Baker, (11) Aleurotrachelus jelinekii (Frauenfeld), (12) Aleurotrachelus rhamnicola (Goux), (13) Aleurotrachelus rubi Takahashi, (14) Aleurotuberculatus aucubae (Kuwana), (15) Aleurotuberculatus ficicola Takahashi, (16) Aleurotuberculatus gordoniae Takahashi ( a synonym of Aleuroclava gordoniae [Takahashi]), (17) Aleurotuberculatus jasmini Takahashi, (18) Aleurotuberculatus malloti Takahashi, (19) Aleurotuberculatus melastomae Takahashi, (20) Aleurotuberculatus psidii (Singh), (21) Aleyrodes azaleae (Baker & Moles), (22) Aleyrodes lonicerae Walker, (23) Aleyrodes proletella L., (24) Asterobemisia atraphaxius (Danzig), (25) Asterobemisia carpini Koch, (26) Bemisia ovata (Goux), (27) Bemisia porteri Corbett, (28) Bemisia salicaria Danzig, (29) Bulgarialeurodes cotesii (Maskell), (30) Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead), (31) Dialeurodes fici Takahashi, (32) Dialeurodes formosensis Takahashi, (33) Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Kotinsky), (34) Dialeuropora decempuncta (Quaintance rind Baker), (35) Pealius azalea (Baker and Moles), (36) Pealius mori (Takahashi), (37) Pealius setosus Danzig, (38) Singhius hibisci Kotinsky, (39) Taiwanaleyrodes meliosmae Takahashi, (40) Tetralicia sp., (41) Trialeurodes abutiloneus Haldeman, and (42) Trialeurodes ricini (Misra), as well as the only non-whitefly, the coccid Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché). | Family ?: Aleyrodidae (48 species in 19 genera); ?: LEPIDOPTERAN EGGS | E-/I- Release:(1) Florida, USA: Released in Florida (Nguyen and Bennett, 1995). (2) Texas, Arizona, and California: Released in the western United States (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003). Establishment:(1) Florida: Not established (Nguyen and Bennett, 1995). (2) Texas, Arizona, and California: Not established in the western United States (Goolsby et al., 2005). Impact:Field evaluation not possible due to lack of establishment in either Florida or the western USA, but see cage evaluation by Goolsby et al., (1998). | Abd-Rabou and Abou-Setta, 1998 Abd-Rabou, 1997 Goolsby et al., 1998 Goolsby et al., 2005 Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003 Kajita, 1981 Longo et al., 1990 Nguyen and Bennett, 1995 Noyes, 2017 Rosen, 1966 Stoner and Butler, 1965 Viggiani, 1981 |
| Parasitoid | Encarsia noyesi Hayat Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) lists three synonyms: (1) Encarsiella noyesi Hayat, (2) Dirphys noyesi (Hayat), and (3) Dyrphis noyesi (Hayat). | 1997 USA,California (from Mexico) (Bellows and Meisenbacher, 2000) | Aleurodicus dugesii Cockerell Aleyrodidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. Literature records include (1) Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Blanco-Metzler and Laprade, 1998) and (2) Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Boughton et al., 2015). Noyes (2017) lists 4 other whiteflies as hosts: (1) Aleurodicus cocois (Curtis), (2) Aleurodicus maritimus Hempel, (3) Aleurodicus pulvinatus (Maskell), and (4) Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell), as well as 2 mealybugs (Pseudococcidae): Nipaecoccus aurilanatus (Maskell) and Puto barberi (Cockerell). | Family? or Genus? Aleyrodidae (7 species in 2 genera [6 in Aleurodicus], plus records of 2 species in 2 genera of the Pseudococcidae that need confirmation) | E+/I+ Release:Released in southern California, USA (Bellows and Meisenbacher, 2000). Establishment:Established in a variety of locations in southern California (Bellows and Meisenbacher, 2000). Impact:Dense whitefly populations were observed to decline to unimportant levels (complete biological control), due to the action of this parasitoid and that of another parasitoid, Idioporus affinis LaSalle, released in the same biocontrol project (Bellows and Meisenbacher, 2000). | Bellows and Meisenbacher, 2000 Blanco-Metzler and Laprade, 1998 Boughton et al., 2015 Noyes, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Encarsia nr diaspidicola (Silvestri) Aphelinidae Taxonomic identity of this entity is unclear. For lack of confirmed species identity, Noyes (2017) could not be consulted for synonyms. This species may be the same or different from E. diaspidicola discussed above. | 1990–1995 USA, Massachusetts (from China) (Van Driesche et al., 1998a) | Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Diaspididae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Diaspidids that were not parasitized by E. diaspidicola in laboratory host range testing (see entry above) were Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley), Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, and Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi (Neumann et al., 2010). If this entity is the same as E. diaspidicola, then literature hosts, both diaspidids, are (1) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Sands et al., 1990) and (2) Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Matadha et al., 2005). For lack of confirmed species identity, Noyes (2017) could not be consulted for host records. | Diaspididae (if same as E. diaspidicola) (2 species in 2 genera, but see also entry for Encarsia diaspidicola for additional hosts) | E-/I- Release:Released in several states in the northeastern United States (Van Driesche et al., 1998a; Matadha et al., 2003). Establishment:Recoveries were initially made in Massachusetts, but long-term establishment was not demonstrated (Van Driesche et al., 1998a); no evidence for establishment was obtained following releases in New Jersey (Matadha et al., 2003). Impact:No observed impact on pest by E. nr diaspidicola, but see records for Coccobius nr fulvus and Chilocorus kuwanae (Silvestri) that indicate successful control of pest by project. | Matadha et al., 2003 Matadha et al., 2005 Neumann et al., 2010 Noyes, 2017 Sands et al., 1990 Van Driesche et al., 1998a |
| Parasitoid | Encarsia nr hispida De Santis Aphelinidae Taxonomic identity unclear, but it is assumed here to be E. hispida. Note, E. hispida is no longer considered a synonym of E. meritoria (Polaszek et al., 1992). For lack of confirmed species identity, Noyes (2017) could not be consulted for synonyms. | 1995–1996 USA, Texas, Arizona, and California (from Brazil) (Goolsby et al., 1998; Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003). Release years are for California and Arizona (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture, based on Gould et al., 2008). | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records (for E. nr hispida +E. hispida) include (1–2) Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.) and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Maignet and Onillon, 1997); (3) Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) (Viscarret et al., 2000); (4–6) Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar, Tetraleurodes sp., and Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance) (Trujillo et al., 2004); (7) Paraleyrodes minei Iaccarino (Telli and Yigit, 2012). For lack of confirmed species identity, Noyes (2017) could not be consulted for literature hosts. | Family Aleyrodidae (7 species in 6 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in Texas, Arizona, and California USA (Goolsby et al., 1998; Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003). Establishment:Not established in the western United States (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003; Goolsby et al., 2005). Impact:Not applicable | Goolsby et al., 1998 Goolsby et al., 2005 Gould et al., 2008 Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003 Maignet and Onillon, 1997 Polaszek et al., 1992 Telli and Yigit, 2012 Trujillo et al., 2004 Viscarret et al., 2000 W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture |
| Parasitoid | Encarsia sophia (Girault & Dodd) Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) lists nine synonyms: (1) Coccophagus sophia Girault and Dodd, (2) Encarsia bemisiae (Ishii), (3) Encarsia shafeei Hayat, (4) Encarsia sublutea (Silvestri), (5) Encarsia transvena (Timberlake), (6) Prospaltella bemisiae Ishii, (7) Prospaltella flava Shafee, (8) Prospaltella sublutea Silvestri, and (9) Prospaltella transvena Timberlake. | 1995 USA, Texas, Arizona, and California (from Pakistan) (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003). Dates listed are for California and Arizona (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture, based on Gould et al., 2008). | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host range testing was done before release. Literature host records include Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Kumar and Gupta, 2006) and Bemisia tuberculata Bondar (Vásquez-Ordóñez et al., 2015). Noyes (2017) lists 25 other species of whiteflies in 18 genera as primary hosts of this parasitoid: (1) Acaudaleyrodes rachipora (Singh), (2) Aleurocybotus indicus (Aleyin), (3) Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, (4) Aleuroduplidens eucalyptifolia Martin, (5) Aleurolobus niloticus Priesner & Hosny, (6) Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell), (7) Aleyrodes hibisci Kotinsky, (8) Aleyrodes proletella L., (9) Aleyrodes singularis Danzig, (10) Asterobemisia carpini Koch, (11) Asterochiton sonchi (Kotinsky), (12) Bemisia afer Priesner & Hosny, (13) Bemisia hibisci Visnya, (14) Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana), (15) Chitonaleyrodes sp., (16) Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead), (17) Dialeuropora decempuncta Quaintance & Baker, (18) Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana), (19) Pealius hibisci (Kotinsky), (20) Pealius longispinus Takahashi, (21) Pealius mori (Takahashi), (22) Singhius hibisci (Kotinsky), (23) Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance), (24) Vasdavidius indicus (David & Subramaniam), and (25) Xenaleyrodes sp. In addition, Noyes (2017) lists some additional records that seem to need further confirmation: Aphis sacchari (Aphididae), Diaspis sp. (Diaspididae), and Diaphorina citri (Liviidae). | Family Aleyrodidae (28 species in 20 genera). Other records of uncertain accuracy: 3 other less credible records exist that would need confirmation, including 1 each in Aphididae, Diaspididae, and Liviidae. | E+/I? Release:Released in Texas, Arizona, and California in the USA (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003). Establishment:Established in California (Gould et al., 2008) and Texas (Goolsby et al., 2009). Impact:Field cage evaluation (Goolsby et al., 1998); no other information on impact. | Goolsby et al., 1998 Goolsby et al., 2005 Goolsby et al., 2009 Gould et al., 2008 Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003 Kumar and Gupta, 2006 Noyes, 2017 Vásquez-Ordóñez et al., 2015 W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture |
| Parasitoid | Encarsia sophia (Girault & Dodd) Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) lists nine synonyms: (1) Coccophagus sophia Girault and Dodd, (2) Encarsia bemisiae (Ishii), (3) Encarsia shafeei Hayat, (4) Encarsia sublutea (Silvestri), (5) Encarsia transvena (Timberlake), (6) Prospaltella bemisiae Ishii, (7) Prospaltella flava Shafee, (8) Prospaltella sublutea Silvestri, and (9) Prospaltella transvena Timberlake. | 1996 USA, Puerto Rico (from Pakistan) (Pantoja et al., 2005; Gould et al., 2008) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host range testing was done before release. Literature host records include Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Kumar and Gupta, 2006) and Bemisia tuberculata Bondar (Vásquez-Ordóñez et al., 2015). Noyes (2017) lists 25 other species of whiteflies in 18 genera as primary hosts of this parasitoid: (1) Acaudaleyrodes rachipora (Singh), (2) Aleurocybotus indicus (Aleyin), (3) Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, (4) Aleuroduplidens eucalyptifolia Martin, (5) Aleurolobus niloticus Priesner & Hosny, (6) Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell), (7) Aleyrodes hibisci Kotinsky, (8) Aleyrodes proletella L., (9) Aleyrodes singularis Danzig, (10) Asterobemisia carpini Koch, (11) Asterochiton sonchi (Kotinsky), (12) Bemisia afer Priesner & Hosny, (13) Bemisia hibisci Visnya, (14) Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana), (15) Chitonaleyrodes sp., (16) Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead), (17) Dialeuropora decempuncta Quaintance & Baker, (18) Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana), (19) Pealius hibisci (Kotinsky), (20) Pealius longispinus Takahashi, (21) Pealius mori (Takahashi), (22) Singhius hibisci (Kotinsky), (23) Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance), (24) Vasdavidius indicus (David & Subramaniam), and (25) Xenaleyrodes sp. In addition, Noyes (2017) lists some additional records that seem to need further confirmation: Aphis sacchari (Aphididae), Diaspis sp. (Diaspididae), and Diaphorina citri (Liviidae). | Family Aleyrodidae (28 species in 20 genera). Other records of uncertain accuracy: 3 other less credible records exist that would need confirmation, including 1 each in Aphididae, Diaspididae, and Liviidae. | E+/I+ Release:Released in Puerto Rico (Pantoja et al., 2005; Gould et al., 2008). Establishment:Established in Puerto Rico (Pantoja et al., 2005; Gould et al., 2008). Impact:In Puerto Rico, E. sophia became the dominant parasitoid of B. tabaci (Pantoja et al., 2005). | Goolsby et al., 1998 Gould et al., 2008 Kumar and Gupta, 2006 Noyes, 2017 Pantoja et al., 2005 Vásquez-Ordóñez et al., 2015 |
| Parasitoid | Encarsia strenua (Silvestri) Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Prospaltella strenua Silvestri. | 1987–1995? (exact date not stated) USA, California (from Puerto Rico) (Bellows and Arakawa, 1995) | Dialeurodes citrifolii (Morgan) Aleyrodidae | HRT- No laboratory host range testing done before release. Literature host records include (1) Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Goolsby et al., 1998); (2) Trialeurodes variabilis (Trujillo et al., 2004); and (3–4) Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) and Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) (Soto et al., 2001). Noyes (2017) lists 8 other whiteflies as primary hosts of this parasitoid: (1) Aleurolobus subrotundus Silvestri, (2) Aleuroplatus sp., (3) Asterochiton sp. (4) Bemisia giffardi (Kotinsky), (5) Dialeurodes eugeniae Maskell, (6) Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Kotinsky), (7) Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday), and (8) Trialeurodes packardi (Morrill). | Family Aleyrodidae (13 species in 8 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in California, USA (Bellows and Arakawa, 1995). Establishment:Establishment in California not confirmed (Bellows and Arakawa, 1995). Impact:Not applicable | Bellows and Arakawa, 1995 Goolsby et al., 1998 Noyes, 2017 Soto et al., 2001 Trujillo et al., 2004 |
| Parasitoid | Encarsia tabacivora Viggiani Aphelinidae Introduced as Encarsia nr pergandiella Howard. Relationships in the E. pergandiella species complex have been reviewed by Gebiola et al. (2017), who state that the form introduced to the USA from Brazil as Encarsia nr pergandiella was E. tabacivora. Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Encarsia bemisiae De Santis. | 1995–1996 USA, Texas, Arizona, and California (from Brazil) (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003). Dates listed are for California and Arizona (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture, based on Gould et al., 2008). | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Encarsia tabacivora is known from few hosts, but this may be due in part to the inability until recently to separate this species from others in the complex (Gebiola et al., 2017). Noyes (2017) lists 4 additional species as hosts: (1) Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, (2) Aleurotrachelus trachoides Back, (3) Trialeurodes abutiloneus (Haldane), and (4) Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood. | Family ?: Aleyrodidae (5 species in 4 genera); ?: Aphelinidae Males develop as hyperparasitoids of whitefly parasitoids, e.g., Eretmocerus mundus Mercet (Zhang et al., 2015) | E-/I- Release:Released in Texas, Arizona, and California in the USA (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003). Establishment:Not established in the western United States (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture, based on Gould et al., 2008). Impact:Not applicable. See Goolsby et al. (1998) for results of a field-cage trial. | Gebiola et al., 2017 Goolsby et al., 1998 Gould et al., 2008 Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003 Noyes, 2017 W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Parasitoid | Enoggera reticulata Naumann Pteromalidae For species description, see Naumann (1991). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 2000 USA, California (native to Australia but obtained from South Africa, where it had been introduced earlier for biocontrol of another species of Trachymela [Tribe and Cillié, 2000]) (Millar et al., 1999–2000; Paine and Millar, 2002) | Trachymela sloanei Blackburn Chrysomelidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include only 2 chrysomelids: Paropsisterna sp. and Trachymela tincticollis (Blackburn) (Naumann, 1991; Tribe and Cillié, 2000). Noyes (2017) lists no other hosts. | Family Chrysomelidae (3 species in 2 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in California, USA (Millar et al., 1999–2000; Paine and Millar, 2002). Establishment:Enoggera reticulata did not establish in California (J. Millar, pers. comm.; Paine et al., 2015). Impact:Not applicable | J. Millar, pers. comm. Millar et al., 1999–2000 Naumann, 1991 Noyes, 2017 Paine and Millar, 2002 Paine et al., 2015 Tribe and Cillié, 2000 |
| Parasitoid | Entedononecremnus krauteri Zolnerowich and Rose Eulophidae For species description, see Zolnerowich and Rose (1996). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1997 USA, Florida (from California USA, where it was introduced before 1985 from Texas USA, where it was adventitve) (see Table 4, p. 164 of Frank and McCoy, 2007) | Aleurodicus dugesii Cockerell Aleyrodidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. There are no other literature host records. Noyes (2017) lists no other species as hosts. | Possibly Species Aleyrodidae (known only from the target pest) | E+/I? Release:Released in Florida, USA (see Table 4, p. 164 of Frank and McCoy, 2007). Establishment:Established in Florida (Frank and McCoy, 2007). Impact:No information available. | Frank and McCoy, 2007 Noyes, 2017 Zolnerowich and Rose, 1996 |
| Parasitoid | Ephedrus plagiator (Nees) Braconidae Yu (2017) lists three synonyms: (1) Ephedrus homostigma Fahringer, (2) Ephedrus japonicus Ashmead, and (3) Ephedrus parcicornis (Nees). | 1988–1992 USA, Washington state and Colorado (from Morocco and the Middle East) (Tanigoshi et al., 1995; Elliott et al., 1995) | Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) Aphididae | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. Various aphids are recorded as literature hosts, including (1) Aphis pomi de Geer (Cierniewska, 1973); (2) Aphis glycines Matsumura (Chang et al., 1994); (3) Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Devi et al., 1999); (4–6) Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), and Macrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae (F.) (Rakhshani et al., 2008); (7) Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum (Olive) (Takada and Nakamura, 2010); and (8) Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) (Ji et al., 2014). | Family Aphididae (8 species in 7 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in the USA in Washington state (Tanigoshi et al., 1995) and in Colorado (Elliott et al., 1995). Establishment:Ephedrus plagiator did not establish in Colorado (Burd et al., 2001). No information is available about establishment in Washington. Impact:Not applicable | Burd et al., 2001 Chang et al., 1994 Cierniewska, 1973 Devi et al., 1999 Elliott et al., 1995 Ji et al., 2014 Rakhshani et al., 2008 Takada and Nakamura, 2010 Tanigoshi et al., 1995 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Eretmocerus emiratus Zolnerowich & Rose Aphelinidae For species description, see Zolnerowich and Rose (1998). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1996–1998 USA, California, Arizona, Texas (from United Arab Emirates) (dates for California and Arizona from W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture, based on Gould et al., 2008; Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003; Goolsby et al., 2005) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts recorded in the literature. Noyes (2017) lists no field hosts other than Bemisia tabaci. | Possibly Species Aleyrodidae (known only from the target pest) | E+/I- Release:Released in California, Arizona, and Texas in the USA (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003; Goolsby et al., 2005). Establishment:Established in California and Arizona, but not Texas (Goolsby et al., 2005; Gould et al., 2008). Impact:For field-cage evaluation see Goolsby et al. (1998) and Hoelmer (2007). In post release monitoring, E. emiratus (from United Arab Emirates) was recovered but only in small numbers and did not dominate the parasitoid complex at any of the sites studied by Goolsby et al. (2005). | Goolsby et al., 1998 Goolsby et al., 2005 Gould et al., 2008 Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003 Hoelmer et al., 2007 Noyes, 2017 W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture Zolnerowich and Rose, 1998 |
| Parasitoid | Eretmocerus emiratus Zolnerowich & Rose Aphelinidae For species description, see Zolnerowich and Rose (1998). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | About 1995 Mexico, Baja California (from United Arab Emirates via USA) (Cota-Gómez et al., 1998; E. Ruiz Cancino, pers. comm.) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts recorded in the literature. Noyes (2017) lists no field hosts other than Bemisia tabaci. | Possibly Species Aleyrodidae (known only from the target pest) | E?/I- Release:Released in Baja California, Mexico (Cota-Gómez et al., 1998; E. Ruiz Cancino, pers. comm.). Establishment:Unknown. Impact:Not applicable | Cota-Gómez et al., 1998 E. Ruiz Cancino, pers. comm. Noyes, 2017 Zolnerowich and Rose, 1998 |
| Parasitoid | Eretmocerus eremicus Rose & Zolnerowich Aphelinidae This species is native to the southwestern USA (Goolsby et al., 2005) and may also be native to Mexico. Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | About 1995 Mexico, Baja California (from commercial insectaries, but originally from Arizona USA) (Cota-Gómez et al., 1998 and E. Ruiz Cancino, pers. comm.). | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Noyes (2017) lists, in addition to B. tabaci, (1) Trialeurodes abutiloneus Haldeman, (2) Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, and (3) Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance) as hosts. | Family Aleyrodidae (4 species in 2 genera) | E?/I- Release:This species, which may have been naturally occurring in Mexico, was imported from commercial insectaries and released in Baja California, Mexico (Cota-Gómez et al., 1998 and E. Ruiz Cancino, pers. comm.). Establishment:The status of this species in Mexico is undetermined. Impact:Not applicable | Cota-Gómez et al., 1998 E. Ruiz Cancino, pers. comm. Goolsby et al., 2005 Noyes, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Eretmocerus furuhashii Rose and Zolnerowich Aphelinidae For species description, see Rose and Zolnerowich (1994). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1993–1999 USA, Texas, Arizona, and California (from Taiwan) (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature hosts include Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) (Rose and Zolnerowich, 1994). Noyes (2017) lists no other hosts besides B. tabaci and P. myricae. | Family Aleyrodidae (2 species in 2 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in the USA in Texas, Arizona, and California (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003). Establishment:Did not establish in the USA. Impact:For results of field-cage trials with E. furuhashii (unnamed and coded as Eretmocerus sp. M95026 Taiwan), see Goolsby et al. (1998). | Goolsby et al., 1998 Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003 Noyes, 2017 Rose and Zolnerowich, 1994 |
| Parasitoid | Eretmocerus hayati Zolnerowich & Rose Aphelinidae For species description, see Zolnerowich and Rose (1998). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1996–1999 USA, Texas, Arizona, California (from Pakistan) (dates for California and Arizona from W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture, based on Gould et al., 2008) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts recorded in the literature. Noyes (2017) lists no other field hosts. | Possibly Species Aleyrodidae (known only from the target pest) | E+/I+ Release:Released in the USA in Texas, Arizona, and California (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003). Establishment:Established in Texas but not Arizona or California (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003; Goolsby et al., 2005). Impact:For field-cage evaluation see Goolsby et al. (1998). In Texas (Rio Grande River Valley), E. hayati was the dominant parasitoid recovered (Goolsby et al., 2005). | Goolsby et al., 1998 Goolsby et al., 2005 Gould et al., 2008 Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003 Noyes, 2017 W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture Zolnerowich and Rose, 1998 |
| Parasitoid | Eretmocerus hayati Zolnerowich & Rose Aphelinidae For species description, see Zolnerowich and Rose (1998). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1997 Mexico (from Pakistan via USA) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts recorded in the literature. Noyes (2017) lists no other field hosts. | Possibly Species Aleyrodidae (known only from the target pest) | E?/I? Release:Released in Mexico (Gould et al., 2008). Establishment:No information available. Impact:No information available. | Gould et al., 2008 Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003 Noyes, 2017 Zolnerowich and Rose, 1998 |
| Parasitoid | Eretmocerus hayati Zolnerowich & Rose Aphelinidae For species description, see Zolnerowich and Rose (1998). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1997 USA, Puerto Rico (from Pakistan via USA) (Pantoja et al., 2005) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts recorded in the literature. Noyes (2017) lists no other field hosts. | Possibly Species Aleyrodidae (known only from the target pest) | E+/I- Release:Released in Puerto Rico (Pantoja et al., 2005). Establishment:Established in Puerto Rico (Pantoja et al., 2005). Impact:Of all parasitoids of B. tabaci, only 10% were in Eretmocerus, indicating that E. hayati did not become a dominant parasitoid of B. tabaci on the island (Pantoja et al., 2005). | Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003 Noyes, 2017 Pantoja et al., 2005 Zolnerowich and Rose, 1998 |
| Parasitoid | Eretmocerus melanoscutus Zolnerowich & Rose Aphelinidae For species description, see Zolnerowich and Rose (1998). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1994–1996 USA: Texas (1994), Arizona and California (1995–1996) (from Thailand and Taiwan) (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture, based on Gould et al., 2008) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts recorded in the literature. Noyes (2017) lists no other field hosts. | Possibly Species Aleyrodidae (known only from the target pest) | E+/I? Release:Released in the USA in Texas, Arizona, and California (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003). Establishment:Did not establish in Arizona or California (Goolsby et al., 2005); recovered in Texas (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture, based on Gould et al., 2008). Impact:No information available. | Goolsby et al., 2005 Gould et al., 2008 Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003 Noyes, 2017 W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture Zolnerowich and Rose, 1998 |
| Parasitoid | Eretmocerus mundus Mercet Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) lists the following synonyms: Eretmocerus aligarhensis Khan and Shafee and Eretmocerus longipilus Khan and Shafee. | 1994 USA, Texas, Arizona, and California (from Spain and Israel) (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. In the laboratory, 2 species of Trialeurodes were attacked (T. abutilonea [Haldeman] and T. vaporariorum [Westwood]) (Greenberg et al., 2009). Field surveys in California found E. mundus only from B. tabaci, not from non-target whiteflies (Pickett et al., 2013a). Noyes (2017) lists 12 additional hosts: (1) Acaudaleyrodes citri Priesner & Hosny; (2) Aleuroplatus cadabae Priesner & Hosny; (3) Aleyrodes proletella L. (Onillon et al., 2004); (4) Asterobemisia avellanae (Signoret); (5) Asterobemisia carpini (Koch); (6) Bemisia afer (Priesner & Hosny) (Viggiani and Battaglia, 1983); (7) Bemisia ovata (Goux); (8) Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Kotinsky); (9) Neomaskellia bergii, (Signoret) (Tiwari et al., 1978); (10) Rosanovia hulthemiae Danzig; (11) Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) (Abd-Rabou and Abou-Setta, 1998); and (12) Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) (Kapadia and Puri, 1993). | Family Aleyrodidae (15 species in 10 genera) | E+/I+ Release:Released in the USA in Texas, Arizona, and California (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003). Establishment:Established in Texas (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003; Goolsby et al., 2005) and California (Roltsch, 2000; Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003; Goolsby et al., 2005), but not Arizona (Goolsby et al., 2005). Impact:For field cage evaluations see Goolsby et al. (1998). In post-release monitoring, E. mundus was the dominant parasitoid recovered in the San Joaquin Valley, but not the Imperial Valley of California. Also, it was only a minor parasitoid among those recovered in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas (Goolsby et al., 2005). | Abd-Rabou and Abou-Setta, 1998 Cervantes and Cota, 1992 Cota-Gómez et al., 1998 E. Ruiz Cancino, pers. comm. Goolsby et al., 1998 Goolsby et al., 2005 Greenberg et al., 2009 Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003 Kapadia and Puri, 1993 Noyes, 2017 Onillon et al., 2004 Pantoja et al., 2005 Pickett et al., 2013a Roltsch, 2000 Tiwari et al., 1978 Viggiani and Battaglia, 1983 |
| Parasitoid | Eretmocerus mundus Mercet Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) lists the following synonyms: Eretmocerus aligarhensis Khan and Shafee and Eretmocerus longipilus Khan and Shafee. | About 1995 or later Mexico, Baja California (source not stated) (Cervantes and Cota, 1992; Cota-Gómez et al., 1998; E. Ruiz Cancino, pers. comm.) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. In the laboratory, 2 species of Trialeurodes were attacked (T. abutilonea [Haldeman] and T. vaporariorum [Westwood]) (Greenberg et al., 2009). Field surveys in California found E. mundus only from B. tabaci, not from non-target whiteflies (Pickett et al., 2013a). Noyes (2017) lists 12 additional hosts: (1) Acaudaleyrodes citri Priesner & Hosny; (2) Aleuroplatus cadabae Priesner & Hosny; (3) Aleyrodes proletella L. (Onillon et al., 2004); (4) Asterobemisia avellanae (Signoret); (5) Asterobemisia carpini (Koch); (6) Bemisia afer (Priesner & Hosny) (Viggiani and Battaglia, 1983); (7) Bemisia ovata (Goux); (8) Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Kotinsky); (9) Neomaskellia bergii, (Signoret) (Tiwari et al., 1978); (10) Rosanovia hulthemiae Danzig; (11) Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) (Abd-Rabou and Abou-Setta, 1998); and (12) Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) (Kapadia and Puri, 1993). | Family Aleyrodidae (15 species in 10 genera) | E?/I- Release:Released in Baja California, Mexico (Cervantes and Cota, 1992; Cota-Gómez et al., 1998; E. Ruiz Cancino, pers. comm.). Establishment:Establishment in Mexico unknown. Impact:Not applicable | Abd-Rabou and Abou-Setta, 1998 Cervantes and Cota, 1992 Cota-Gómez et al., 1998 E. Ruiz Cancino, pers. comm. Greenberg et al., 2009 Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003 Kapadia and Puri, 1993 Noyes, 2017 Onillon et al., 2004 Pantoja et al., 2005 Pickett et al., 2013a Tiwari et al., 1978 Viggiani and Battaglia, 1983 |
| Parasitoid | Eretmocerus mundus Mercet Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) lists the following synonyms: Eretmocerus aligarhensis Khan and Shafee and Eretmocerus longipilus Khan and Shafee. | 1996 USA, Puerto Rico (from Spain and Israel) (Pantoja et al., 2005) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. In the laboratory, 2 species of Trialeurodes were attacked (T. abutilonea [Haldeman] and T. vaporariorum [Westwood]) (Greenberg et al., 2009). Field surveys in California found E. mundus only from B. tabaci, not from non-target whiteflies (Pickett et al., 2013a). Noyes (2017) lists 12 additional hosts: (1) Acaudaleyrodes citri Priesner & Hosny; (2) Aleuroplatus cadabae Priesner & Hosny; (3) Aleyrodes proletella L. (Onillon et al., 2004); (4) Asterobemisia avellanae (Signoret); (5) Asterobemisia carpini (Koch); (6) Bemisia afer (Priesner & Hosny) (Viggiani and Battaglia, 1983); (7) Bemisia ovata (Goux); (8) Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Kotinsky); (9) Neomaskellia bergii, (Signoret) (Tiwari et al., 1978); (10) Rosanovia hulthemiae Danzig; (11) Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) (Abd-Rabou and Abou-Setta, 1998); and (12) Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) (Kapadia and Puri, 1993). | Family Aleyrodidae (15 species in 10 genera) | E+/I- Release:Released in Puerto Rico (Pantoja et al., 2005). Establishment:Established in Puerto Rico (Pantoja et al., 2005). Impact:Of all parasitoids of B. tabaci, only 10% were in Eretmocerus, indicating that E. mundus did not become a dominant parasitoid of B. tabaci on the island (Pantoja et al., 2005). | Abd-Rabou and Abou-Setta, 1998 Cervantes and Cota, 1992 Cota-Gómez et al., 1998 E. Ruiz Cancino, pers. comm. Greenberg et al., 2009 Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003 Kapadia and Puri, 1993 Noyes, 2017 Onillon et al., 2004 Pantoja et al., 2005 Pickett et al., 2013a Tiwari et al., 1978 Viggiani and Battaglia, 1983 |
| Parasitoid | Eretmocerus nr emiratus Zolnerowich & Rose Aphelinidae Taxonomic identity of this species is unclear. For lack of confirmed species identity, Noyes (2017) could not be consulted for synonyms. | 1997–1999 USA, California, Arizona, Texas (from Ethiopia) (dates for California and Arizona from W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture, based on Gould et al., 2008; Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003; Goolsby et al., 2005) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. Literature host records include Aleyrodes lonicerae Walker in China (Yu, 2015). For lack of confirmed species identity, Noyes (2017) could not be consulted for literature hosts. | Family Aleyrodidae (2 species in 2 genera) | E+/I+ Release:Release. Released in California, Arizona, and Texas, USA (Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003; Goolsby et al., 2005). Establishment:Established in California (Roltsch, 2000; Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003; Goolsby et al., 2005) and Arizona (Goolsby et al., 2005; Gould et al., 2008), but not Texas (Goolsby et al., 2005). Impact:For field-cage evaluation see Goolsby et al. (1998); Eretmocerus nr emiratus (from Ethiopia) was the most commonly collected of the Eretmocerus species released against B. tabaci in the Imperial Valley in California and in the area of Yuma, Arizona in post-release monitoring (Goolsby et al., 2005). | Goolsby et al., 1998 Goolsby et al., 2005 Gould et al., 2008 Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003 Roltsch, 2000 W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture Yu, 2015 |
| Parasitoid | Eretmocerus rui Zolnerowich and Rose Aphelinidae For species description, see Zolnerowich and Rose (2004). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | About 1994–1995 USA, Florida (from Hong Kong) (Nguyen and Bennett, 1995) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. Noyes (2017) lists 2 additional hosts: (1) Bemisia emiliae (Chen & Ko) and (2) Crenidorsum turpiniae (Takahashi). | Family Aleyrodidae (3 species in 2 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in Florida, USA (Zolnerowich and Rose, 2004). Establishment:While some post-release recoveries were made, it is uncertain if E. rui has established in Florida (Zolnerowich and Rose, 2004). Impact:Not applicable | Nguyen and Bennett, 1995 Noyes, 2017 Zolnerowich and Rose, 2004 |
| Parasitoid | Eretmocerus staufferi Rose and Zolnerowich Aphelinidae For species description, see Rose and Zolnerowich (1997). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1994 USA, California and Arizona (from Texas USA, where it is either native or adventitiously introduced [Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003]) (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture, based on Gould et al., 2008) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include Trialeurodes abutiloneus Haldeman (Rose and Zolnerowich, 1997). Noyes (2017) lists no other hosts besides B. tabaci and T. abutiloneus. | Family Aleyrodidae (2 species in 2 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in the USA in California and Arizona (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture, based on Gould et al., 2008). Establishment:Not established in California or Arizona (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture, based on Gould et al., 2008). Impact:Not applicable | Gould et al., 2008 Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003 Noyes, 2017 Rose and Zolnerowich, 1997 W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture |
| Parasitoid | Eretmocerus tejanus Rose & Zolnerowich Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1994 USA, California and Arizona (from Texas, where it is a native species [Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003]) (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture, based on Gould et al., 2008) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Noyes (2017) lists no other hosts apart from B. tabaci. | Possibly Species Aleyrodidae (known only from the target pest) | E-/I- Release:Released in the USA in California and Arizona (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture). Establishment:Not established in California or Arizona (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture). Impact:Not applicable | Gould et al., 2008 Hoelmer and Goolsby, 2003 Noyes, 2017 W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture |
| Parasitoid | Euplectrus maternus Bhatnagar Eulophidae Eulophidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1999–2001, Guam, USA (from India) (Muniappan et al., 2004) | Eudocima (Othreis) fullonia (Clerck) Noctuidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Noyes (2017) lists 2 additional species of underwing moths in the genus Eudocima as hosts of E. maternus: Eudocima materna L. and Eudocima homaena (Hübner) (Bhumannavar and Viraktamath, 2000). | Genus Noctuidae (3 species in 1 genus, Eudocima) | E-/I- Release:Released in Guam (Muniappan et al., 2004). Establishment:No evidence of establishment was obtained despite weekly monitoring for two years (Muniappan et al., 2004). Impact:Not applicable | Bhumannavar and Viraktamath, 2000 Muniappan et al., 2004 Noyes, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Euplectrus nr parvulus Ferrière Eulophidae Taxonomic identity unclear, but if this is E. parvulus, then Euplectrus plecopterae Mani is a synonym (Noyes, 2017). For lack of confirmed species identity, Noyes (2017) could not be consulted for synonyms. | 1986–1987 Guam, USA (from India, possibly Kerala [Rajeshwari and Chacko, 1992]) (Nafus, 1991) | Penicillaria jocosatrix Guenée Noctuidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. If this is E. parvulus, then Noyes (2017) lists the following additional host species: (1) Pyrilla sp. (Hemip.: Lophopidae); (2–3) the geometrid moths Boarmia selenaria Schiffermüller and Tephrina disputaria Guenée; and (4) the noctuid moth Plecoptera reflexa Guenée (Chatterjee, 1945). | Unknown The host range of this entity is uncertain due in part to a lack of species identification. For E. parvulus, hosts are recorded in two lepidopteran families (Geometridae and Noctuidae) and one hemipteran family (Lophopidae) (Noyes, 2017). The Hemiptera record should be confirmed. | E+/I+ Release:Released on Guam (Nafus, 1991). Establishment:Established on Guam (Nafus, 1991). Impact:“The wasps Aleiodes sp. [given here as Aleiodes nr circumscriptus] and Euplectrus sp. [given here as Euplectrus nr parvulus] and the fly Blepharella lateralis were released. Aleiodes sp. did not establish, but Euplectrus sp. and B. lateralis did. [Due to the 2 established species,] populations of the pest fell to 25% of their pre-release levels. Parasitism rates ranged from 20 to 99%. Euplectrus sp. was the most abundant parasitoid …[and] was more abundant in the dry season, whereas B. lateralis was more common in the wet season. Fruit production on monitored trees increased significantly” (Nafus, 1991). Positive foodweb effects also occurred that benefitted other mango-feeding Lepidoptera after decline of the pest species (Schreiner and Nafus, 1992, 1993). | Chatterjee, 1945 Nafus, 1991 Noyes, 2017 Rajeshwari and Chacko, 1992 Schreiner and Nafus, 1992 Schreiner and Nafus, 1993 |
| Parasitoid | Eurithia consobrina (Meigen) Tachinidae Formerly in Ernestia. | 1986–1987 Canada, Manitoba (from Germany) (Turnock and Carl, 1995; Mason et al., 2002) | Mamestra configurata Walker Noctuidae | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing done before release. Of 5 non-target noctuid species tested by placing a fly maggot on the test larva, 4 (Agrotis ipsilon [Hufnagel], Lacanobia radix [Walker], Pseudaletia unipuntata [Haworth], and Eruois occulta [L.]) supported development to pupation (Turnock and Carl, 1995). Literature host records include (1) Lacanobia oleracea (L.) (Noctuidae) Zorin and Zorina, 1928); (2) Mamestra brassicae (L.) (Noctuidae) (Yastrebov, 1978); (3–5) Laconobia splendens (Hübner), Laconobia suasa (D. & S.), Melanchra persicariae (L.) (all Noctuidae) (Turnock and Carl, 1995). | Family Noctuidae (2 subfamilies, Noctuinae and Hadeninae) | E-/I- Release:Released in Manitoba, Canada (Turnock and Carl, 1995; Mason et al., 2002). Establishment:Not established in Canada (Turnock and Carl, 1995; see p. 172 of Mason et al., 2002). Impact:Not applicable | Erlandson, 2013 Mason et al., 2002 Turnock and Carl, 1995 Yastrebov, 1978 Zorin and Zorina, 1928 |
| Parasitoid | Eurysthaea scutellaris (Robineau–Desvoidy) Tachinidae Synonym is Erythrocera scutellaris. Eurystheae is a misspelling of the generic name in Unruh et al. (2003). | 1989–1991 USA, Washington state (from France) (see Table 1 of Unruh et al., 2003) | Yponomeuta malinellus (Zeller) Yponomeutidae Given formerly as Hyponomeuta malinellus | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Hosts recorded in the literature include species in 3 families: (1) the pyralid Acrobasis consociella (Hübner) (Lerer and Plugar, 1962); (2) the yponomeutid Yponomeuta padellus (L.) (Heusinger, 1981); and (3) the geometrid Abraxas pantaria (L.) (Pernek et al., 2015). | Order LEPIDOPTERA: Pyralidae, Yponomeutidae, and Geometridae | E-/I- Release:Released in Washington state, USA (Unruh et al., 2003). Establishment:Not recovered in Washington (Unruh et al., 2003). Impact:Not applicable | Heusinger, 1981 Lerer and Plugar, 1962 Pernek et al., 2015 Unruh et al., 2003 |
| Parasitoid | Eurytoma erythrinae Gates and Delvare Eurytomidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 2008 USA, Hawaii (from East Africa) (Kaufman and Yalemar, 2017) | Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim Eulophidae | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing done before release. None of the 7 non-target gall-makers tested—1 native, 4 biocontrol agents, 2 adventive species—were attacked (HDOA, 2008). Species tested were Josephiella microcarpae Beardsley & Rasplus, Tectococcus ovatus Hempel, Ophelimus sp., Trioza sp., Eutreta xanthochaeta Aldrich, Procecidochares alani Steyskal, and Procecidochares utilis Stone) (HDOA, 2008). Noyes (2017) lists no other hosts, nor are any recorded in the literature. | Possibly Species Eulophidae (known only from the target pest) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Hawaii (Kaufman and Yalemar, 2017). Establishment:Widely established in Hawaii (Kaufman and Yalemar, 2017). Impact:Widespread reduction of leaf galling documented by Kaufman and Yalemar (2017) but not Bell et al. (2013). | Bell et al., 2013 HDOA, 2008 Kaufman and Yalemar, 2017 Noyes, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Euxestonotus error (Fitch) Platygastridae Also given as Platygaster error. | 1995 Canada, Saskatchewan (from Switzerland and surrounding parts of central Europe) (Doane et al., 2002) | Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) Cecidomyiidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts known from literature. | Possibly Species Cecidomyiidae (known only from the target pest) | E+/I? Release:Released in Saskatchewan, Canada (Doane et al., 2002). Establishment:Establishment in Saskatchewan was not confirmed by Doane et al. (2013) since only three individuals were recovered in the year following release. However, establishment in Canada can be inferred by the subsequent recovery of E. error in Montana, in areas not receiving releases, which was attributed to natural spread from Canada (Echegaray et al., 2016). Impact:Impact in Canada unknown. | Doane et al., 2002 Doane et al., 2013 Echegaray et al., 2016 |
| Parasitoid | Euxestonotus error (Fitch) Platygastridae Also given as Platygaster error. | 2015 USA, Montana (from Switzerland and surrounding parts of central Europe via Saskatchewan, Canada) (G. Reddy, pers. comm.) | Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) Cecidomyiidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. No other hosts known from literature. | Possibly Species Cecidomyiidae (known only from the target pest) | E-/I- Release:Released in Montana (G. Reddy, pers. comm.). Establishment:Not recovered at release sites in Montana (G. Reddy, pers. comm.) but recovered in other parts of Montana, due to natural spread from Canada (Echegaray et al., 2016). Impact:Not applicable for the intentionally-introduced population. No studies have been conducted on the impact of the naturally-spread population in Canada. | Doane et al., 2002 Echegaray et al., 2016 G. Reddy, pers. comm. |
| Parasitoid | Fidiobia asina (Loiacono) Platygastridae For species description, see Loiacono (1982). Also given as Platystasius asinus Loiacono in Frank and McCoy (1993 [see page 30]). | 1991 USA, Florida (from Chile) (see p. 30 of Frank and McCoy, 1993) | Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) Curculionidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include Naupactus xanthographus Germar (Loiacono, 1982). | Family Curculionidae (2 species in 2 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in Florida, USA (see p. 30 of Frank and McCoy, 1993). Establishment:Establishment in Florida undetermined (see p. 30 of Frank and McCoy, 1993). Impact:Not applicable | Frank and McCoy, 1993 Loiacono, 1982 |
| Parasitoid | Fidiobia dominica Evans and Peña Platygastridae For species description, see Evans and Peña (2005). | 2006 USA, Florida (from Dominica in the Caribbean) (Evans and Peña, 2005) | Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) Curculionidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include only Diaprepes doublierii Guérin (Evans and Peña, 2005); D. abbreviatus was parasitized in the laboratory (Duncan et al., 2007). | Possibly Genus Curculionidae (2 species in 1 genus). Likely attacks only weevils whose eggs are concealed in plant tissues. | E?/I- Release:Released in Florida, USA (Jacas et al., 2007). Establishment:Unknown if it established in Florida. Impact:Not applicable | Duncan et al., 2007 Evans and Peña, 2005 Jacas et al., 2007 |
| Parasitoid | Fopius ceratitivorus Wharton Braconidae For species description, see Wharton (1999). | 2017 USA, Hawaii (from Kenya via Guatemala) (Lopez et al., 2003; R. Messing, pers. comm.) | Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) Tephritidae | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing done before release. In laboratory host-range tests, the non-target native Hawaiian tephritid Trupanea dubautiae (Bryan), infesting flowerheads of the endemic Asteraceae shrub Dubautia raillardioides Hillebrand, was not attacked (Wang et al., 2004). Similarly, 3 other tephritids (Bactrocera cucurbitae [Coquillett], Bactrocera dorsalis [Hendel], and Bactrocera latifrons [Hendel]) were tested and not attacked (Bokonon-Ganta et al., 2005). Environmental assessment of the proposed release is given by Messing (2014). | Possibly Species Tephritidae (known only from the target pest, but not tested against other Ceratitis species, as none occur in Hawaii) | E?/I- Release:Released in Hawaii, USA (R. Messing, pers. comm.). Establishment:Establishment in Hawaii not determined. Impact:Not applicable | Bokonon-Ganta et al., 2005 Lopez et al., 2003 Messing, 2014 R. Messing, pers. comm. Wang et al., 2004 Wharton, 1999 |
| Parasitoid | Goetheana shakespearei Girault Eulophidae Noyes (2017) lists four synonyms: (1) Dasyscapus parvipennis Gahan; (2) Dasyscapus thripsivorous Narayanan, Subba Rao and Ramachandra; (3) Goetheana parvipennis (Gahan); and (4) Goetheana thripsivora (Narayanan, Subba Rao and Ramachand). | 1986 USA, Florida (from Gold Coast in Africa via Trinidad [Adamson, 1936] via Puerto Rico [Bartlett, 1938; see p. 26 of Frank and McCoy, 1993]). Released in California and the Caribbean before 1985. | Selenothrips rubocinctus (Girard) Thripidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Noyes (2017) lists 8 other hosts: (1) Caliothrips insularis (Hood), (2) Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher), (3) Dinurothrips hookeri Hood, (4) Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), (5) Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché), (6) Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter), (7) Pseudodendrothrips mori Niwa, and (8) Thrips tabaci Lindeman. | Family Thripidae (9 species in 9 genera) | E+/I- Release:Released in Florida, USA, after a long history of releases in the Caribbean and California, USA (see sources in p. 26 of Frank and McCoy, 1993). Establishment:Established in Florida in 1992 (see p. 26 of Frank and McCoy, 1993), but population detected may have spread from earlier establishments in the Caribbean. Impact:No information found on impact in Florida. | Adamson, 1936 Bartlett, 1938 Frank and McCoy, 1993 Noyes, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Goniozus pakmanus Gordh Bethylidae For species description see Gordh (1984). | 1984–1985 USA: Arizona (1984), California (1985) (from Pakistan) (Gordh and Medved, 1986) | Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) Gelechiidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts of Goniozus pakmanus are listed in the literature. | Unknown Gelechiidae (known only from the target pest. However, because this species is an idiobiont, it is unlikely that it is host specific, but rather that too little information is known for this species to assess its host range.) | E?/I? Release:Released in Arizona and California, USA (Gordh and Medved, 1986). Establishment:Establishment in Arizona and California not determined (Gordh and Medved, 1986). Impact:Unknown | Gordh and Medved, 1986 Gordh, 1984 |
| Parasitoid | Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam & Agarwal Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1998 USA, U.S. Virgin Islands, St. Thomas (from Pakistan and Egypt) (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture) | Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Pseudococcidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Noyes (2017) lists 4 other mealybugs species as hosts: (1) Ferrisia virgata Cockerell, (2) Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), (3) Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, and (4) Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti). Post-hoc sampling of non-target mealybugs in California following release of the parasitoid (and its establishment there on the target) did not detect any parasitism of either Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley or Ferrisia species (Roltsch et al., 2006). | Family Aleyrodidae (5 species in 5 genera, but 2 literature host species were not attacked in the field in California [Roltsch et al., 2006]) | E+/I+ Release:Released on St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture). Establishment:Established in the U.S. Virgin Islands (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture). Impact:Control in the U.S. Virgin Islands is likely as the target pest was controlled by this parasitoid, in combination with Anagyrus kamali, wherever released in the Carribean (Kairo et al., 2000). | Kairo et al., 2000 Noyes, 2017 Roltsch et al., 2006 W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture |
| Parasitoid | Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam & Agarwal Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1999 USA, Puerto Rico (from Pakistan and Egypt) (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture) | Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Pseudococcidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Noyes (2017) lists 4 other mealybugs species as hosts: (1) Ferrisia virgata Cockerell, (2) Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), (3) Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, and (4) Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti). Post-hoc sampling of non-target mealybugs in California following release of the parasitoid (and its establishment there on the target) did not detect any parasitism of either Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley or Ferrisia species (Roltsch et al., 2006). | Family Aleyrodidae (5 species in 5 genera, but 2 literature host species were not attacked in the field in California [Roltsch et al., 2006]) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Puerto Rico (Michaud and Evans, 2000). Establishment:Established in Puerto Rico (Michaud and Evans, 2000). Impact:In less than two years after release, G. indica was recovered at 29% of all locations sampled and represented 17% of all natural enemy individuals recovered (Michaud and Evans, 2000). | Michaud and Evans, 2000 Noyes, 2017 Roltsch et al., 2006 W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture |
| Parasitoid | Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam & Agarwal Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1999 Mexico, Baja California (from Pakistan and Egypt via Puerto Rico) (Santiago-Islas et al., 2008) | Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Pseudococcidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Noyes (2017) lists 4 other mealybugs species as hosts: (1) Ferrisia virgata Cockerell, (2) Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), (3) Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, and (4) Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti). Post-hoc sampling of non-target mealybugs in California following release of the parasitoid (and its establishment there on the target) did not detect any parasitism of either Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley or Ferrisia species (Roltsch et al., 2006). | Family Aleyrodidae (5 species in 5 genera, but 2 literature host species were not attacked in the field in California [Roltsch et al., 2006]) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Baja California, Mexico (Santiago-Islas et al., 2008). Establishment:Established in Mexico (Santiago-Islas et al., 2008). Impact:Control in Mexico is likely as the target pest was controlled by this parasitoid, in combination with Anagyrus kamali, wherever released in the region (Kairo et al., 2000). | Kairo et al., 2000 Noyes, 2017 Roltsch et al., 2006 Santiago-Islas et al., 2008 |
| Parasitoid | Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam & Agarwal Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 2000–2006 USA: California (2000) (from Australia); Florida (2002) and Louisiana (2006) (from Pakistan, Egypt, Australia—mixed colony) (W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture) | Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Pseudococcidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Noyes (2017) lists 4 other mealybugs species as hosts: (1) Ferrisia virgata Cockerell, (2) Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), (3) Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, and (4) Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti). Post-hoc sampling of non-target mealybugs in California following release of the parasitoid (and its establishment there on the target) did not detect any parasitism of either Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley or Ferrisia species (Roltsch et al., 2006). | Family Aleyrodidae (5 species in 5 genera, but 2 literature host species were not attacked in the field in California [Roltsch et al., 2006]) | E+/I+ Release:Released in California, Florida, and Louisiana in the USA (Roltsch et al., 2006). Establishment:Established in California (Roltsch et al., 2006). Establishment in Florida and Louisiana not recorded. Impact:Successful control of pink mealybug in California was achieved due to several released natural enemies, resulting in >95% reduction of the pest. Anagyrus kamali was the dominant summer parasitoid with up to 50% parasitism, while G. indica was an important winter parasitoid (Roltsch et al., 2006). | Noyes, 2017 Roltsch et al., 2006 W. Roltsch, pers. comm., California Department of Food and Agriculture |
| Parasitoid | Haeckeliania sperata Pinto Trichogrammatidae For species description, see Pinto (2005). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 2005 USA, Florida (from Dominica in the Caribbean) (Pinto, 2005) | Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) Curculionidae | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing done before release. No attack on eggs of 2 non-target Lepidoptera or 2 non-target Coleoptera (1 Coccinellidae and 1 non-Diaprepes Curculionidae) (Peña et al., 2010). Pachnaeus litus Schoenherr (Curculionidae) is a suitable host in the laboratory (Jacas et al., 2010). No other hosts are listed in Noyes (2017). | Family Curculionidae (2 species in 2 genera). Likely a parasitoid of weevils whose eggs are concealed in plant tissue. | E+/I? Release:Released in Florida, USA (Jacas et al., 2008). Establishment:Established in Florida (Peña et al., 2010). Impact:No information available. | Jacas et al., 2008 Jacas et al., 2010 Noyes, 2017 Peña et al., 2010 Pinto, 2005 |
| Parasitoid | Herpestomus brunnicornis (Gravenhorst) Ichneumonidae | 1989–1991 USA, Washington state (from France [Unruh et al., 2003], Korea and Japan [Lee and Pemberton, 2005]) | Yponomeuta malinellus (Zeller) Yponomeutidae Given formerly as Hyponomeuta malinellus | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature hosts include the following yponomeutids: (1) Yponomeuta malinellus (Zeller) (formerly Hyponomeuta malinellus) (Mokrzecki, 1913); (2) Yponomeuta rorellus (Hübner) (formerly Hyponomeuta rorella) (Tudor and Marcu, 1974); (3 Yponomeuta euonymellus L. (Miczulski and Anasiewicz, 1976); and (4–5) Yponomeuta padella (L.) (formerly Hyponomeuta padellus) and Yponomeuta cagnagellus (Hübner) (Fischer, 1987). | Genus Yponomeutidae (5 species in 1 genus, Yponomeuta) | E-/I- Release:Released in Washington state, USA (Unruh et al., 2003; Lee and Pemberton, 2005). Establishment:Some recoveries of H. brunnicornis were made, but establishment in Washington state was not confirmed (Unruh et al., 2003). Impact:Not applicable | Cossentine and Kuhlmann, 2002 Fischer, 1987 Lee and Pemberton, 2005 Miczulski and Anasiewicz, 1976 Mokrzecki, 1913 Tudor and Marcu, 1974 Unruh et al., 2003 |
| Parasitoid | Herpestomus brunnicornis (Gravenhorst) Ichneumonidae | 1990 Canada, British Columbia (from Japan and Europe) (Cossentine and Kuhlmann, 2002) | Yponomeuta malinellus (Zeller) Yponomeutidae Given formerly as Hyponomeuta malinellus | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature hosts include the following yponomeutids: (1) Yponomeuta malinellus (Zeller) (formerly Hyponomeuta malinellus) (Mokrzecki, 1913); (2) Yponomeuta rorellus (Hübner) (formerly Hyponomeuta rorella) (Tudor and Marcu, 1974); (3 Yponomeuta euonymellus L. (Miczulski and Anasiewicz, 1976); and (4–5) Yponomeuta padella (L.) (formerly Hyponomeuta padellus) and Yponomeuta cagnagellus (Hübner) (Fischer, 1987). | Genus Yponomeutidae (5 species in 1 genus, Yponomeuta) | E-/I- Release:Released in British Columbia, Canada (Cossentine and Kuhlmann, 2002). Establishment:No evidence of establishment in Canada (Cossentine and Kuhlmann, 2002). Impact:Not applicable | Cossentine and Kuhlmann, 2002 Fischer, 1987 Lee and Pemberton, 2005 Miczulski and Anasiewicz, 1976 Mokrzecki, 1913 Tudor and Marcu, 1974 Unruh et al., 2003 |
| Parasitoid | Horismenus elineatus Schauff Eulophidae For species description, see Schauff (1989). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1990–1992 USA, Florida (from Bolivia via Texas USA or Hawaii USA) (see p. 26 of Frank and McCoy, 1993) | Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) Pyralidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. There are no other hosts reported in the literature. Noyes (2017) lists no additional species as hosts. | Possibly Species Pyralidae (known only from the target pest, but there is almost no literature) | E-/I- Release:Released in Florida, USA (see p. 26 of Frank and McCoy, 1993). Establishment:No evidence of establishment in Florida (see p. 26 of Frank and McCoy, 1993). Impact:Not applicable | Frank and McCoy, 1993 Noyes, 2017 Schauff, 1989 |
| Parasitoid | Idioporus affinis La Salle et Polaszek Pteromalidae For species description, see LaSalle et al. (1997). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1998–2000 USA, California (from Central America) (Bellows and Meisenbacher, 2000) | Aleurodicus dugesii Cockerell Aleyrodidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts reported in the literature. Noyes (2017) lists no additional species as hosts. | Possibly Species Aleyrodidae (known only from the target pest) | E+/I+ Release:Released in California, USA (Bellows and Meisenbacher, 2000). Establishment:Established in California (Bellows and Meisenbacher, 2000). Impact:Dense whitefly populations were observed to decline to unimportant levels (complete biological control), due to the action of this parasitoid and that of another parasitoid, Encarsia noyesi Hayat, released in the same biocontrol project (Bellows and Meisenbacher, 2000). | Bellows and Meisenbacher, 2000 LaSalle et al., 1997 Noyes, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Jarra maculipennis Marsh and Austin Braconidae For species description, see Austin et al. (1994). | About 1993 USA, California (from Australia) (J. Millar, pers. comm.) | Phoracantha semipunctata (F.) Cerambycidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts are listed in the literature. | Unknown Cerambycidae (known only from the target pest, but there is almost no literature. The species is likely restricted to borers in eucalyptus trees due to attraction to host plant odors.) | E-/I- Release:Released in California, USA (J. Millar, pers. comm.). Establishment:No record of establishment in California. Impact:Not applicable | Austin et al., 1994 J. Millar, pers. comm. |
| Parasitoid | Jarra phoracantha Marsh and Austin Braconidae For species description, see Austin et al. (1994). | 1993 USA, California (from Australia) (Paine and Millar, 2003) | Phoracantha semipunctata (F.) Cerambycidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts are listed in the literature. | Unknown Cerambycidae (known only from the target pest, but there is almost no literature. The species is likely restricted to borers in eucalyptus trees due to attraction to host plant odors.) | E-/I- Release:Released in California, USA (Paine and Millar, 2003). Establishment:No record of establishment in California. Impact:Not applicable | Austin et al., 1994 Paine and Millar, 2003 |
| Parasitoid | Larra bicolor Fabricius Crabronidae Synonyms include Larra gastrica, L. guiana, and L. scapteriscica (Menke, 1992). | 1989 USA, northern Florida (from Bolivia) (Frank and Bennett, 1995). Previously, a population of L. bicolor was established in southern Florida; it originated from releases in the early 1980s of material from Puerto Rico, where it had been introduced earlier from Brazil (Frank and Bennett, 1995). | Neoscapteriscus abbreviatus (Scudder) Gryllotalpidae Formerly in Scapteriscus. | HRT+ Laboratory host range testing done before release in northern Florida in 1989 by Castner (1984). Larra bicolor parasitized Scapteriscus abbreviatus Scudder, S. didactylus (Latreille), S. imitatus Nickle & Castner, and Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos (previously known as S. acletus) in laboratory tests (Castner, 1984). Attack on one native non-target species, Neocurtilla hexadactyla (Perty), the only native cricket in the family in the region was unsuccessful in >90% of cases (Castner, 1984; Frank et al., 1995), making L. bicolor functionally genus-specific in the USA. | Genus Gryllotalpidae (5 species in 1 genus, Neoscapteriscus) | E+/I? Release:Released in northern Florida, USA (Frank and Bennett, 1995; Frank and Walker, 2006). Establishment:Established in northern Florida (Meagher and Frank, 1998; Frank and Walker, 2006). Larra bicolor occurs throughout Florida (Frank et al., 2009). Impact:Complete control of two pest mole crickets (Neoscapteriscus vicinus [Scudder] and N. borellii [Giglio-Tos]) occurred in northern Florida. An IPM program using Steinernema scapterisci (Nguyen and Smart) and L. bicolor suppressed N. vicinus and N. borellii, by 95% (Leppla et al., 2007), as measured by catch of flying adults in traps. Since N. abbreviatus is flightless, changes in its populations could not be measured in this manner. The mole cricket biocontrol program produced a benefit to cost return of 52:1 (Mhina et al., 2016). | Castner, 1984 Menke, 1992 Frank and Bennett, 1995 Frank and Walker, 2006 Frank et al., 1995 Frank et al., 2009 Leppla et al., 2007 Meagher and Frank, 1998 Mhina et al., 2016 |
| Parasitoid | Larra bicolor Fabricius Crabronidae Synonyms include Larra gastrica, L. guiana, and L. scapteriscica (Menke, 1992). | 1989 USA, northern Florida (from Bolivia) (Frank and Bennett, 1995). Previously, a population of L. bicolor was established in southern Florida; it originated from releases in the early 1980s of material from Puerto Rico, where it had been introduced earlier from Brazil (Frank and Bennett, 1995). | Neoscapteriscus borellii (Giglio-Tos) Gryllotalpidae Formerly in Scapteriscus. | HRT+ Laboratory host range testing done before release in northern Florida in 1989 by Castner (1984). Larra bicolor parasitized Scapteriscus abbreviatus Scudder, S. didactylus (Latreille), S. imitatus Nickle & Castner, and Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos (previously known as S. acletus) in laboratory tests (Castner, 1984). Attack on one native non-target species, Neocurtilla hexadactyla (Perty), the only native cricket in the family in the region was unsuccessful in >90% of cases (Castner, 1984; Frank et al., 1995), making L. bicolor functionally genus-specific in the USA. | Genus Gryllotalpidae (5 species in 1 genus, Neoscapteriscus) | E+/I+ Release:Released in northern Florida, USA (Frank and Bennett, 1995; Frank and Walker, 2006). Establishment:Established in northern Florida (Meagher and Frank, 1998; Frank and Walker, 2006). Larra bicolor occurs throughout Florida (Frank et al., 2009). Impact:Complete control of two pest mole crickets (Neoscapteriscus vicinus [Scudder] and N. borellii [Giglio-Tos]) occurred in northern Florida. An IPM program using Steinernema scapterisci (Nguyen and Smart) and L. bicolor suppressed N. vicinus and N. borellii, by 95% (Leppla et al., 2007), as measured by catch of flying adults in traps. Since N. abbreviatus is flightless, changes in its populations could not be measured in this manner. The mole cricket biocontrol program produced a benefit to cost return of 52:1 (Mhina et al., 2016). | Castner, 1984 Menke, 1992 Frank and Bennett, 1995 Frank and Walker, 2006 Frank et al., 1995 Frank et al., 2009 Leppla et al., 2007 Meagher and Frank, 1998 Mhina et al., 2016 |
| Parasitoid | Larra bicolor Fabricius Crabronidae Synonyms include Larra gastrica, L. guiana, and L. scapteriscica (Menke, 1992). | 1989 USA, northern Florida (from Bolivia) (Frank and Bennett, 1995). Previously, a population of L. bicolor was established in southern Florida; it originated from releases in the early 1980s of material from Puerto Rico, where it had been introduced earlier from Brazil (Frank and Bennett, 1995). | Neoscapteriscus vicinus (Scudder) Gryllotalpidae Formerly in Scapteriscus. | HRT+ Laboratory host range testing done before release in northern Florida in 1989 by Castner (1984). Larra bicolor parasitized Scapteriscus abbreviatus Scudder, S. didactylus (Latreille), S. imitatus Nickle & Castner, and Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos (previously known as S. acletus) in laboratory tests (Castner, 1984). Attack on one native non-target species, Neocurtilla hexadactyla (Perty), the only native cricket in the family in the region was unsuccessful in >90% of cases (Castner, 1984; Frank et al., 1995), making L. bicolor functionally genus-specific in the USA. | Genus Gryllotalpidae (5 species in 1 genus, Neoscapteriscus) | E+/I+ Release:Released in northern Florida, USA (Frank and Bennett, 1995; Frank and Walker, 2006). Establishment:Established in northern Florida (Meagher and Frank, 1998; Frank and Walker, 2006). Larra bicolor occurs throughout Florida (Frank et al., 2009). Impact:Complete control of two pest mole crickets (Neoscapteriscus vicinus [Scudder] and N. borellii [Giglio-Tos]) occurred in northern Florida. An IPM program using Steinernema scapterisci (Nguyen and Smart) and L. bicolor suppressed N. vicinus and N. borellii, by 95% (Leppla et al., 2007), as measured by catch of flying adults in traps. Since N. abbreviatus is flightless, changes in its populations could not be measured in this manner. The mole cricket biocontrol program produced a benefit to cost return of 52:1 (Mhina et al., 2016). | Castner, 1984 Menke, 1992 Frank and Bennett, 1995 Frank and Walker, 2006 Frank et al., 1995 Frank et al., 2009 Leppla et al., 2007 Meagher and Frank, 1998 Mhina et al., 2016 |
| Parasitoid | Larra godmani Cameron Crabronidae This species was an accidental contaminant in a shipment of L. bicolor (Frank et al., 1995). Synonyms include Larra braunsii Kohl and L. transandina Williams (Menke, 1992). | 1988 USA, Florida (from Bolivia) (see p. 32 of Frank and McCoy, 1993) | Neoscapteriscus vicinus (Scudder) Gryllotalpidae Formerly in Scapteriscus. | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release. There are no other hosts recorded in the literature. | Possibly Species Gryllotalpidae (known only from the main target pest, Neoscapteriscus abbreviatus) | E-/I- Release:Accidentally released in Florida, USA (see p. 32 of Frank and McCoy, 1993; Frank et al., 1995). Establishment:Larra godmani did not establish in Florida (see p. 32 of Frank and McCoy, 1993). Impact:Not applicable | Menke, 1992 Frank and McCoy, 1993 Frank et al., 1995 |
| Parasitoid | Lathrolestes ensator (Brauns) Ichneumonidae Synonyms include Tryphonopsis ensator Brauns, Lathrolestes dilatatus (Nordenstrom), and Lathrolestes ensatrix (Schulz) (Yu, 2017). | 1995–1999 Canada, Quebec (from Switzerland and surrounding countries) (Vincent et al., 2001a) | Hoplocampa testudinea (Klug) Tenthredinidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No literature records exist of other hosts. | Possibly Species Tenthredinidae(known only from the target pest) | E+/I? Release:Released in Quebec, Canada (Vincent et al., 2001a). Establishment:Established in Quebec (Vincent et al., 2001b; 2016). Impact:Impact in Canada not yet determined (Vincent et al., 2013). | Vincent et al., 2001a Vincent et al., 2001b Vincent et al., 2013 Vincent et al., 2016 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Lathrolestes ensator (Brauns) Ichneumonidae Synonyms include Tryphonopsis ensator Brauns, Lathrolestes dilatatus (Nordenstrom), and Lathrolestes ensatrix (Schulz) (Yu, 2017). | 2002 USA, New Hampshire (from Switzerland and surrounding countries via Canada) (Vincent et al., 2016) | Hoplocampa testudinea (Klug) Tenthredinidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No literature records exist of other hosts. | Possibly Species Tenthredinidae (known only from the target pest) | E-/I- Release:Released in New Hampshire, USA (Vincent et al., 2016). Establishment:No evidence of establishment in New Hampshire (A. Eaton, pers. comm.). Impact:Not applicable | A. Eaton, pers. comm. Vincent et al., 2001a Vincent et al., 2016 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Lathrolestes thomsoni Reshchikov Ichneumonidae For species description, see Reshchikov et al. (2010). The species attacking Profenusa thomsoni in Canada that was later introduced into Alaska was initially misidentified as Lathrolestes luteolator Gravenhorst, which it is not. No synonyms noted by Yu (2017). | 2004 USA, Alaska (from Alberta, Canada) (Soper and Van Driesche, 2014; Soper et al., 2015) | Profenusa thomsoni (Konow) Tenthredinidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Not recorded in literature from any other host besides the target. | Species Tenthredinidae (known only from the main target pest) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Alaska, USA (Soper 2012; Soper and Van Driesche, 2014; Soper et al., 2015). Establishment:Established in Alaska (Soper, 2011; Soper and Van Driesche, 2014; Soper et al., 2015). Impact:Release associated with decline of leafminer density, providing complete control due to this species and two naturally occurring parasitoids (Lathrolestes soperi Reshchikov and Aptesis signis Provancher) (Soper et al., 2015). | Reshchikov et al., 2010 Soper, 2012 Soper and Van Driesche, 2014 Soper et al., 2015 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Lemophagus errabundus (Gravenhorst) Ichneumonidae | 2003 USA, New England (from Switzerland, France, and other parts of Europe) (Tewksbury, 2014; Tewksbury et al., 2017) | Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli) Chrysomelidae | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing done before release (Gold, 2003; Kenis et al., 2003; Casagrande and Kenis, 2004; USDA APHIS, 2017). Of 2 non-target European species of Lilioceris tested, both were attacked. Of 8 species of North American non-Lilioceris species (6 in the same family; 2 in other families), none were attacked (Casagrande and Kenis, 2004). Lemophagus errabundus is functionally monophagous in North America, where there are no native Lilioceris species, although a species in the genus (Lilioceris cheni Gressit and Kimoto) has recently been released in Florida as a biocontrol agent against air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera L.) (Featured Creatures, 2017a). | Genus Chrysomelidae (3 species in 1 genus, Lilioceris). Given there are no native Lilioceris in North America, this agent is functionally species-specific in North America. | E+/I? Release:Released in Rhode Island, USA and other New England states (Tewksbury, 2014; Tewksbury et al., 2017). Establishment:Established in several New England states and spreading (Tewksbury, 2014, Tewksbury et al., 2017). Impact:Not yet determined. | Casagrande and Kenis, 2004 Featured Creatures, 2017a Gold, 2003 Kenis et al., 2003 Tewksbury et al., 2017 Tewksbury, 2014 USDA APHIS, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Liotryphon caudatus (Ratzburg) Ichneumonidae Former generic placements include Apistephialtes, Calliephialtes, and Ephialtes. Yu (2017) lists 3 synonyms: Liotryphon brevivalvis (Hensch), Liotryphon foveolatus (Constantineanu & Pisica), and Liotryphon incertus (Hensch). | 1992 USA, California and Washington state (from Kazakhstan) (Mills, 2005b) | Cydia pomonella (L.) Tortricidae Formerly Laspeyresia pomonella L. | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Attacks the fruit-boring and cocoon-forming tortricids Grapholita molesta (Busck) and Grapholita funebrana (Treitschke) (N. Mills, pers. comm.). No other hosts of L. caudatus are recorded in the literature. | Family Tortricidae (3 species in 2 genera) | E+/I? Release:Released in California, USA (Mills, 2005ab). Establishment:Apparent establishment in California (Mills, 2005b). Impact:No information on impact in California. | Mills, 2005a Mills, 2005b N. Mills, pers. comm. Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Lipolexis oregmae Gahan Braconidae Synonym is Lipolexis scutellaris Mackauer, the name under which it was introduced into the USA (Persad and Hoy, 2003). | 2000 USA, Florida (from Guam) (Persad et al., 2007) | Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) Aphididae Formerly Toxoptera citricidus | HRT- No laboratory host range testing done before release. Literature hosts include (1) Aphis gossypii Glover (Singh et al., 2009); (2) Aphis craccivora Koch (Chang and Youn, 1983); (3) Toxoptera odinae (van der Goot) (Starý and van Harten, 1983); (4–5) Aphis citricola van der Goot and Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe (Starý and Zeleny, 1983); (6) Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) (Muraleedharan et al., 1988); (7) Toxoptera citricida (syn. = Toxoptera citricidus) Kirkaldy (Hoy et al., 2007b). Post-release field studies in Florida found parasitism of (1) Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe); (2) Aphis craccivora Koch; (3) Aphis spiraecola Patch); and (4) Aphis gossypii Glover (Persad et al., 2007). | Family Aphididae (7 species in 2 genera) | E+/I? Release:Released in Florida, USA (Persad et al., 2007). Establishment:Established in Florida (Persad et al., 2007). Impact:Impact in Florida not determined. | Chang and Youn, 1983 Hoy et al., 2007b Muraleedharan et al., 1988 Persad and Hoy, 2003 Persad et al., 2007 Singh et al., 2009 Starý and van Harten, 1983 Starý and Zeleny, 1983 |
| Parasitoid | Lixadmontia franki Wood and Cave Tachinidae For species description, see Wood and Cave (2006). | 2007 USA, Florida (from Honduras) (Cooper et al., 2011) | Metamasius callizona (Chevrolat) Curculionidae | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing done before release. One non-target native Floridian weevil, Metamasius mosieri Barber, was tested and found to be attacked at significant rates in choice and no-choice tests (H. Frank, pers. comm.). Literature hosts include Metamasius quadrilineatus Champion (Suazo et al., 2006). | Genus Curculionidae (3 species, in 1 genus, Metamasius) | E-/I- Release:Released in Florida, USA (Cooper et al., 2011). Establishment:Did not establish in Florida as far as is known (Cooper et al., 2011). Impact:Not applicable | Cooper et al., 2011 H. Frank, pers. comm. Suazo et al., 2006 Wood and Cave, 2006 |
| Parasitoid | Lysiphlebia japonica (Ashmead) Braconidae Synonyms are (1) Lysiphlebia mirzai Shujauddin and (2) Lysiphlebia sacchari Chen (Yu, 2017). Earlier generic placements include Lysiphlebus, Coelonotus, and Aphidius. | 1996 USA, Florida (from Taiwan) | Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) Aphididae Formerly Toxoptera citricidus | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature hosts include many aphids: (1) Lachnus tropicalis (van der Goot) (Watanabe, 1939); (2) Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Watanabe and Takada, 1967); (3) Aphis gossypii Glover (Takada, 1976); (4) Aphis craccivora Koch (Tian et al., 1981); (5) Aphis glycines Matsumura (Gao, 1985); (6) Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) (Takanashi, 1990); (7) at least 18 species in 11 genera from Korea (Starý et al., 2002); and (8) Aphis hederae Kaltenbach (Kikuchi, 2005). | Family Aphididae (at least 21 species in 12 genera, most recorded from Korea by Starý et al. [2002]). | E-/I- Release:Released in Florida, USA (see p. 532 of Michaud, 2002a). Establishment:Did not establish in Florida (see p. 532 of Michaud, 2002a). Impact:Not applicable | Gao, 1985 Kikuchi, 2005 Michaud, 2002a Starý et al., 2002 Takada, 1976 Takanashi, 1990 Tian et al., 1981 Watanabe and Takada, 1967 Watanabe, 1939 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Lytopylus rufipes (Nees von Esenbeck) Braconidae Earlier generic placements include Agathis, Microdus, and Bassus. | 1995 USA, California and Washington state (from Kazakhstan) (Mills, 2005b) | Cydia pomonella (L.) Tortricidae Formerly Laspeyresia pomonella L. | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature hosts include only the target pest and Archips rosanus (L.) (Zlatanova, 1970), but several tortricids and pyralids are believed to be used as hosts (N. Mills, pers. comm.). | Two Families Tortricidae and Pyralidae | E-/I- Release:Released in California and Washington, USA (Biocat, 2017). Establishment:Did not establish in the USA (Biocat, 2017). Impact:Not applicable | Biocat, 2017 Mills, 2005b N. Mills, pers. comm. Zlatanova, 1970 |
| Parasitoid | Macrocentrus prolificus Wharton Braconidae For species description, see Wharton (1984). Yu (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1985–1987 USA, northern Texas (from Mexico) (Overholt and Smith, 1990) | Diatraea grandiosella Dyar Crambidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature hosts include Diatraea considerata Heinrich (Vejar-Cota et al., 2005) and Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (W. Overholt, pers. comm.). | Genus Crambidae (3 species in 1 genus, Diatraea) | E-/I- Release:Released in northern Texas, USA (Overholt and Smith, 1990). Establishment:Did not establish in northern Texas (Overholt and Smith, 1990). Impact:Not applicable | Overholt and Smith, 1990 Vejar-Cota et al., 2005 W. Overholt, pers. comm. Wharton, 1984 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Macroglenes penetrans (Kirby) Pteromalidae Noyes (2017) lists nine synonyms: (1) Decatoma penetrans (Kirby), (2) Ichneumon penetrans Kirby, (3) Macroglenes brevicornis Thomson, (4) Macroglenes decipiens (Graham), (5) Macroglenes oculatus Westwood, (6) Macroglennes decipiens (Graham), (7) Macroglennes penetrans (Kirby), (8) Pirene decipiens Graham, and (9) Pirene penetrans (Kirby). | 2014 USA, central Montana “golden triangle area” (from Saskatchewan, Canada) (Thompson and Reddy, 2016) | Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) Cecidomyiidae Former generic placement in Clinodiplosis | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Noyes (2017) lists one additional cecidomyiid as a host: Contarinia tritici (Kirby). | Family Cecidomyiidae (2 species in 2 genera) | E+/I? Release:Released in central Montana “golden triangle area”, USA (Thompson and Reddy, 2016; G. Reddy, pers. comm.). Establishment:Established in central Montana “golden triangle area” (Thompson and Reddy, 2016). Impact:The impact of the released population in central Montana has not been determined. However, it is likely to eventually be substantial because in another part of the state (extreme northeastern Montana), a population of M. penetrans that spread on its own from Saskatchewan causes 52% parasitism of S. mosellana (Shanower, 2005). | G. Reddy, pers. comm. Noyes, 2017 Shanower, 2005 Thompson and Reddy, 2016 |
| Parasitoid | Mallochia pyralidis Wharton Ichneumonidae For species description, see Wharton (1985). No synonyms listed by Yu (2017). | 1985 USA, Texas (from Mexico) (Wharton, 1985) | Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) Crambidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No hosts listed in literature. | Unknown Crambidae (known only from the target pest, but there is only one article in literature) | E?/I- Release:Released in Texas, USA (Wharton, 1985). Establishment:Unknown if it established or not. Impact:Unknown | Wharton, 1985 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Mastrus ridens Horstmann Ichneumonidae Mastrus ridibundus is a synonym. | 1995 USA, California (from Kazakhstan) (Mills, 2005b) | Cydia pomonella (L.) Tortricidae Formerly Laspeyresia pomonella L. | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. In New Zealand, some post facto host range testing showed that of 5 species tested, 1 non-target Cydia species (Cydia succedana [Haworth]) and 4 non-Cydia tortricids (Argyroploce chlorosaris Meyrick, Grapholita molesta [Busck], Planotortrix octo Dugdale, and Ctenopseustis obliquana [Walker]) were parasitized, but offspring were small and mostly male; known in native range only from target; but little sampling other than of the target (Charles et al., 2013). Non-target tortricids may be killed by this parasitoid but seem unlikely to support M. ridens populations due to a too-rapid death from the paralyzing venom of the parasitoid. | Family Tortricidae (6 species in 5 genera) | E+/I? Release:Released in California, USA (Mills, 2005ab). Establishment:Established in California (Mills, 2005a). Impact:Impact not determined. | Charles et al., 2013 Mills, 2005a Mills, 2005b |
| Parasitoid | Metaphycus flavus (Howard) Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists five synonyms: (1) Aphycus flavidulus caridei Brèthes, (2) Aphycus flavus Howard, (3) Aphycus hesperidum Mercet, (4) Euaphycus flavus (Howard), and (5) Metaphycus mauritanicus Compere. | 1987–1996 USA, California: (1) 1987 (from Italy) (Kennett et al., 1995); (2) 1996 Metaphycus sp. nr flavus (probably M. flavus) was collected from C. pseudomagnoliarum in Turkey and released in 1996 (Bernal et al., 1999) in the context of an augmentative trial against C. pseudomagnoliarum in citrus groves in California (Schweizer et al., 2002). | Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) Coccidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records were not separately checked due to the large number of host records in Noyes (2017), which may not be comprehensive, but amply demonstrate the wide host range of this species. Noyes (2017) lists 39 species, other than the target pest, in 5 families as hosts (names updated in ScaleNet) Cerococcidae (1) Cerococcus parahybensis Hempel; Coccidae (2) Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock, (3) Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, (4) Coccus capparidis (Green), (5) Coccus hesperidum L., (6) Coccus viridis (Green), (7) Eulecanium kunoense (Kuwana), (8) Eulecanium perinflatum (Cockerell), (9) Filippia follicularis (Targioni Tozzetti), (10) Megapulvinaria maxima (Green) (11) Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green), (12) Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner), (13) Parthenolecanium corni (Nuzzaci), (14) Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius) (15) Parthenolecanium perlatum (Cockerell), (16) Philephedra lutea (Cockerell), (17) Philephedra tuberculosa Nakahara & Gill, (18) Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell, (19) Pulvinaria acericola (Walsh & Riley), (20) Pulvinaria elongata Newstead, (21) Pulvinaria flavescens Brethes in Massini & Brethes, (22) Pulvinaria floccifera (Westwood), (23) Pulvinaria iceryi (Signoret), (24) Pulvinaria minuta Brethes in Massini & Brethes, (25) Pulvinaria platensis Brethes in Massini & Brethes, (26) Pulvinaria psidii Maskell, (27) Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi (Vallot) (28) Saissetia coffeae (Walker), (29) Saissetia oleae (Gómez-Menor Ortega), (30) Stictolecanium convexum (Hempel) (31) Toumeyella liriodendri (Gmelin); Diaspididae (32) Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.), (33) Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), (34) Chrysomphalus pinnulifer (Maskell), (35) Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), (36) Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard); Eriococcidae (37) Eriococcus joergenseni Morrison; Kerriidae (38) Kerria sp., and (39) Tachardia sp. | Five Families Cerococcidae (1 species); Coccidae (30 species in 14 genera); Diaspididae (5 species in 2 genera); Eriococcidae (1 species); Kerriidae (2 species in 2 genera) | E-/I- Release:(1): Released in 1987 in California, USA with population from Italy (Kennett et al., 1995). (2): Released in California in 1996 with population from Turkey (Bernal et al., 1999). Establishment:(1): The Italian population did not establish in California (Kennett et al., 1995). (2): The Turkish population achieved same season reproduction on target pest in citrus groves, but samples taken a year after release found no evidence of establishment (Schweizer et al., 2002). Impact:Not applicable | Bernal et al., 1999 Kennett et al., 1995 Noyes, 2017 ScaleNet Schweizer et al., 2002 |
| Parasitoid | Metaphycus hageni Daane and Caltagirone Encyrtidae Introduced as Metaphycus sp. A (see p. 145 of Daane et al., 1995b). For species description, see Daane and Caltagirone (1999). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1986 USA, California (from Spain) (Daane and Caltagirone, 1999) | Saissetia oleae (Olivier) Coccidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts are listed in the literature. Noyes (2017) lists no other hosts. | Unknown Coccidae (known only from the target pest, but there is very little literature on this parasitoid) | E+/I? Release:Released in California, USA (see p. 145 of Daane et al., 1995b). Establishment:Established in California (see p. 145 of Daane et al., 1995b). Impact:Impact on target pest not determined. | Daane and Caltagirone, 1999 Daane et al., 1995b Noyes, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Metaphycus orientalis (Compere) Encyrtidae For species description, see Compere (1924). Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Aphycus orientalis Compere. | 1985 USA, California (from Japan) (Kennett, 1988) | Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) Coccidae | HRT- No laboratory host range testing done before release. Literature records of other species as hosts include only Coccus hesperidum L. (Compere, 1924). Noyes (2017) lists 1 additional species as a host: Saissetia coffeae (Walker) (Coccidae). | Family Coccidae (3 species in 2 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in California, USA (Kennett, 1988, 1995). Establishment:Not established in California, USA (Kennett, 1988; Kennett et al., 1995). Impact:Not applicable | Compere, 1924 Kennett et al., 1995 Kennett, 1988 Noyes, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Microctonus hyperodae Loan Braconidae For species description, see Loan and Lloyd (1974). Yu (2017) gives this species as Perilitus hyperodae (Loan) but no literature is found under this name. | 2002 Canada, Quebec (from Argentina via New Zealand) (Boivin, 2013) | Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte) Curculionidae A native pest in Quebec | HRT+ Laboratory host-range testing done before release. Of 24 North American weevils tested in Quebec before release, Microctonus hyperodae parasitized 5 species: (1) Listronotus sparsus Say, (2) Listronotus maculcollis Kirby, (3) Nedyus flavicaudus Boheman, (4) Ceutorhynchus erysimi Fabricius, and (5) Gymnetron tetrum Fabricius (Boivin unpub. data, in Boivin, 2013). Other literature hosts include (1) Hyperodes bonariensis Kuschel (Loan and Lloyd, 1974); (2) Irenimus aequalis (Broun) (now synonym of Chalepistes tenebricus) (Goldson et al., 1992); and (3–6) Nicaeana cervina Broun, Irenimus (now Chalepistes) egens (Boun), Irenimus (now Chalepistes) aequalis Broun, and Irenimus (now Chalepistes) stolidus (Barratt et al., 1997). Generic placement revisions based on Brown (2017). | Family Curculionidae (11 species in 7 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in Quebec, Canada (Boivin, 2013). Establishment:Not established in Quebec (Boivin, 2013). Impact:Not applicable | Barratt et al., 1997 Boivin, 2013 Brown, 2017 Goldson et al., 1992 Loan and Lloyd, 1974 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Microplitis mediator (Haliday) Braconidae Other generic placements include Microgaster. Yu (2017) lists three synonyms: (1) Microplitis halidayi Fahringer, (2) Microplitis medianus (Ruthe), and (3) Microplitis pseudomedianus Fahringer. | 1991–1999 Canada, Saskatchewan and Alberta (from Switzerland) (Mason et al., 2002) | Mamestra configurata Walker Noctuidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature records include various noctuids as hosts: (1) Mamestra brassicae (L.) was parasitized in laboratory host range tests, but not Lacanobia oleracea (L.), Mamestra suasa, or Agrotis segetum (Denis and Schiffermüller) (Slovák, 1985); (2) Mamestra configurata Walker (Arthur and Mason, 1986); (3) Mythimna separata (Walker) (Tanaka, 1987); (4) Autographa gamma (L.) (Sengonca and Peters, 1991); (5) Mythimna sequax Franclemont (Foerster et al., 2001); and (6) Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Ren et al., 2004). | Family Noctuidae (6 species in 5 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada (Mason et al., 2002). Establishment:Not established in Canada (Mason et al., 2002; Erlandson, 2013). Impact:Not applicable | Arthur and Mason, 1986 Erlandson, 2013 Foerster et al., 2001 Mason et al., 2002 Ren et al., 2004 Sengonca and Peters, 1991 Slovák, 1985 Tanaka, 1987 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Microterys okitsuensis (Compere) Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1985 USA, California (from Japan) (Kennett, 1988; Kennett et al., 1995) | Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) Coccidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include (1) Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell (Ishii, 1932) and (2) Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) (Kennett, 1988). Noyes (2017) lists 4 additional species of coccids as hosts: (1) Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, (2) Coccus hesperidum L., (3) Pulvinaria psidii Maskell, and (4) Saissetia oleae (Olivier). | Family Coccidae (6 species in 5 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in California, USA (Kennett, 1988; Kennett et al., 1995). Establishment:Not established in California (Kennett, 1988; Kennett et al., 1995). Impact:Not applicable | Ishii, 1932 Kennett et al., 1995 Kennett, 1988 Noyes, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Muscidifurax raptorellus Kogan and Legner Pteromalidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1985–1987 USA, southern California (from South America [e.g., Chile and Peru]) (Legner et al., 1989; Meyer et al., 1990). | Musca domestica L. Muscidae | HRT- No laboratory host range testing done before release. Host range testing by Geden and Moon (2009) found all 5 species tested to be successfully parasitized in the laboratory: (1) Musca domestica L. (Muscidae), (2) Haematobia irritans (L.) (Muscidae), (3) Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann) (Muscidae), (4) Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Muscidae), and (5) Sarcophaga bullata (Parker) (Sarcophagidae). Literature field host records include (1) Musca sorbens Wiedemann (Muscidae) (Legner et al., 1974); (2–3) Musca domestica L. (Muscidae) and Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Muscidae) (Lysyk, 2004). Noyes (2017) lists 1 additional species as a host: Calliphora vomitoria (Calliphoridae). | Three Families Muscidae (5 species in 4 genera), Sarcophagidae (1 species), Calliphoridae (1 species) | E-/I- Release:Released in cattle (Meyer et al., 1990) and poultry (Legner et al., 1989) facilities in southern California, USA. Establishment:Establishment was not the objective of the augmentative releases of this parasitoid, but sampling in some locations in California found no permanent increase in parasitism of target flies, suggesting M. raptorellus did not permanently establish (e.g., Petersen and Currey, 1996). Impact:Temporary increases in rates of parasitism in California followed releases for several weeks, but within the season rates returned to background levels (Petersen and Currey, 1996). Similarly, mass releases in poultry houses in Florida caused partial suppression of M. domestica flies (Geden and Hogsette, 2006), as did releases in dairy calf facilities in New York (Kaufman et al., 2012), but these releases did not result in permanent establishment. | Floate et al., 2000 Geden and Hogsette, 2006 Geden and Moon, 2009 Kaufman et al., 2012 Legner et al., 1974 Legner et al., 1989 Lysyk, 2004 Meyer et al., 1990 Noyes, 2017 Petersen and Currey, 1996 |
| Parasitoid | Muscidifurax raptorellus Kogan and Legner Pteromalidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1996 Canada, southern Alberta (Floate et al., 2000) (source uncertain, likely from commercial insectaries, but ecological source was from South America [e.g., Chile and Peru] [Legner et al., 1989]). | Musca domestica L. Muscidae | HRT- No laboratory host range testing done before release. Host range testing by Geden and Moon (2009) found all 5 species tested to be successfully parasitized in the laboratory: (1) Musca domestica L. (Muscidae), (2) Haematobia irritans (L.) (Muscidae), (3) Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann) (Muscidae), (4) Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Muscidae), and (5) Sarcophaga bullata (Parker) (Sarcophagidae). Literature field host records include (1) Musca sorbens Wiedemann (Muscidae) (Legner et al., 1974); (2–3) Musca domestica L. (Muscidae) and Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Muscidae) (Lysyk, 2004). Noyes (2017) lists 1 additional species as a host: Calliphora vomitoria (Calliphoridae). | Three Families Muscidae (5 species in 4 genera), Sarcophagidae (1 species), Calliphoridae (1 species) | E?/I- Release:Released in cattle facilities in southern Alberta, Canada (Floate et al., 2000). Establishment:Overwintering survival in cattle facilities in southern Alberta was 1–10% (Floate and Skovgård, 2004), suggesting potential for establishment. However, that has not been demonstrated, it being common for mass releases of agents to result in temporary populations that eventually die out. Impact:Augmentative releases in cattle feed yards in southern Alberta increased parasitism of M. domestica to about 34% (versus 1–3% in control feed lots) for a short period (Floate et al., 2000). | Floate and Skovgård, 2004 Floate et al., 2000 Geden and Moon, 2009 Legner et al., 1974 Legner et al., 1989 Lysyk, 2004 Meyer et al., 1990 Noyes, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Myxexoristop hertingi Mesnil Tachinidae | 2002–2004 Canada, Ontario (from Italy) (Lyons, 2013) | Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.) Pamphiliidae | HRT- No host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include only the target pest, Acantholyda erythrocephala (Pamphiliidae) (Herting, 1957). | Possibly Species Pamphiliidae (known only from the target pest) | E-/I- Release:Released in Ontario, Canada (Lyons, 2014). Establishment:Not established in Canada (Lyons, 2014). Impact:Not applicable | Herting, 1957 Lyons, 2013 Lyons, 2014 |
| Parasitoid | Nothoserphus afissae (Watanabe) Proctotrupidae Synonyms include Disogmus afissae Watanabe and Watanabeia afissae Watanabe. | 1988 USA, Maryland (source not recorded, but most likely from from Korea or Japan) (see p. 206 of Barbosa et al., 1994) | Epilachna varivestis Mulsant Coccinellidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include (1) Epilachna niponica (Lewis) (Ohgushi and Sawada, 1998) (formerly given as Henosepilachna pustulosa [Kono] (Nakamura and Ohgushi, 1981); (2) Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata (Motschulsky) (=Epilachna vigintioctomaculata) (Lee et al., 1988); and (3) Epilachna varivestis Mulsant (Nakamura and Shiratori, 2010). | Genus Coccinellidae (Epilachninae) (3 species in 1 genus, Epilachna) | E-/I- Release:Released in Maryland, USA (see p. 206 of Barbosa et al., 1994). Establishment:Not established in Maryland (see p. 206 of Barbosa et al., 1994). Impact:Not applicable | Barbosa et al., 1994 Lee et al., 1988 Nakamura and Ohgushi, 1981 Nakamura and Shiratori, 2010 Ohgushi and Sawada, 1998 |
| Parasitoid | Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 2007 USA, Michigan (from northeastern China) (Duan et al., 2010a) | Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire Buprestidae | HRT- Host range testing done before release. In the laboratory, of 6 non-target Agrilus, 3 were attacked (A. anxius Gory, A. bilineatus [Weber], and A. ruficollis [F.]) and 3 were not (A. cyanescens [Ratzeburg], A. egenus Curtis, and A. subcinctus Gory) (Gould, 2007). Of 6 non-target, non-Agrilus species tested, none were attacked (Gould, 2007). Noyes (2017) lists no other species as hosts. | Genus Buprestidae (4 species in 1 genus, Agrilus, but 3 only in the laboratory) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Michigan, USA (Duan et al., 2010a). Establishment:Established in the USA (Abell et al., 2014). Impact:Post release surveys in Michigan found 10–20% parasitism of the pest’s eggs by O. argili (Abell et al., 2014). | Abell et al., 2014 Duan et al., 2010a Gould, 2007 Noyes, 2017 Ryall, 2017 Ryall et al., 2019 |
| Parasitoid | Oobius longoi Host race #1 (Siscaro) Encyrtidae For species description, see Siscaro (1992). Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Avetianella longoi Siscaro, which is the name in the biocontrol literature. | 1993 USA, California (from Victoria, Australia) (Paine et al., 1993; Hanks et al., 1996). | Phoracantha semipunctata (F.) Cerambycidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. This race of Oobius longoi attacks both P. semipunctata and Phoracantha recurva Newman, but prefers the former (Luhring et al., 2000) and does better in it as a host (Luhring et al., 2004) due to lower host encapsulation defenses in P. semipunctata (McDonald et al., 2015). Besides P. recurva and P. semipunctata, Noyes (2017) lists 2 additional cerambycids as hosts of O. longoi: Coptocerus aberrans (Newman) and Epithora dorsalis MacLeay. | Family Cerambycidae (4 species in 3 genera). Likely restricted to hosts on eucalypts due to attraction to host plant odors. | E+/I+ Release:Released in California, USA (Paine et al., 1993; Hanks et al., 1996). Establishment:Established in California (Hanks et al., 1996). Impact:Parasitism in field exceeded 90% (Hanks et al., 1996), controlling the host. See also, Paine and Millar (2003) and McDonald et al. (2015). | Hanks et al., 1996 Luhring et al., 2000 Luhring et al., 2004 McDonald et al., 2015 Noyes, 2017 Paine and Millar, 2003 Paine et al., 1993 Siscaro, 1992 |
| Parasitoid | Oobius longoi Host race #2 (Siscaro) Encyrtidae For species description, see Siscaro (1992). This second host race is better adapted to P. recurva (Umeda and Paine, 2015). Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Avetianella longoi Siscaro, which is the name in the biocontrol literature. | 2007 USA, California (from New South Wales, Australia) (Wang et al., 2008) | Phoracantha recurva Newman Cerambycidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. This race can successfully develop in P. recurva (Umeda and Paine, 2015; McDonald et al., 2015). Besides P. recurva and P. semipunctata, Noyes (2017) lists 2 additional cerambycids as hosts of O. longoi: Coptocerus aberrans (Newman) and Epithora dorsalis MacLeay. | Family Cerambycidae (4 species in 3 genera). Likely restricted to hosts on eucalypts due to attraction to host plant odors. | E?/I? Release:Released in California, USA (J. Millar and T. Paine, pers. comm.). Establishment:Establishment in California not determined. Trap hosts of P. recurva were deployed to detect parasitism by this host race, but project funding ended before establishment could be confirmed (J. Millar and T. Paine, pers. comm.). Impact:Not determined. | J. Millar, pers. comm. McDonald et al., 2015 Noyes, 2017 Siscaro, 1992 T. Paine, pers. comm. Umeda and Paine, 2015 Wang et al., 2008 |
| Parasitoid | Ormia depleta (Wiedemann) Tachinidae Formerly in Euphasiopteryx | 1988 USA, Florida (from Brazil) (Frank et al., 1996) | Neoscapteriscus borellii (Giglio-Tos) Gryllotalpidae Formerly in Scapteriscus. | HRT+ Host-range testing done before release. Ormia depleta was attracted to 3 of 5 Scapteriscus (now Neoscapteriscus) species tested, 2 of which were program targets and 1 a non-target invasive species (Fowler, 1987). Based on attraction to host song (the test deemed most reliable, as such attraction must occur for a species to be a field host), Walker (H. Frank, pers. comm.), indicates that the world host range of Ormia depleta includes N. vicinus, N. borellii (Fowler and Kochalka, 1985), N. imitatus Nickle & Castner (Fowler, 1987), and occasionally N. abbreviatus Scudder (H. Frank, pers. comm., seemingly an error occurring in mixed mole cricket populations) but does not include either Neocurtilla hexadactyla (Perty) (Gryllotalpidae) (contrary to Fowler and Garcia, 1987) or a Brazilian cricket given as Anurogryllus sp. (Gryllidae) (contrary to Fowler and Mesa, 1987; Fowler, 1988). | Genus Gryllotalpidae (4 species [2 being targets] in 1 genus, Neoscapteriscus) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Florida, USA (Frank et al., 1996). Establishment:Ormia depleta established successfully in Florida (Frank et al., 1996). Impact:Percentage reduction in trap catch of the two target mole crickets due to biocontrol introductions in Florida ranged from 25 to 81% of former numbers, depending on place, year, and cricket species (Parkman et al., 1996). The target pests became fully controlled (Frank and Walker, 2006), but this change was due to several parasitoid species (O. depleta and L. bicolor) and an introduced entomoparasitic nematode (Steinernema scapterisci Nguyen & Smart) (Parkman et al., 1996). The mole cricket biocontrol program produced a benefit to cost return of 52:1 (Mhina et al., 2016). | Fowler and Garcia, 1987 Fowler and Kochalka, 1985 Fowler and Mesa, 1987 Fowler, 1987 Fowler, 1988 Frank and Walker, 2006 Frank et al., 1996 H. Frank, pers. comm. Mhina et al., 2016 Parkman et al., 1996 |
| Parasitoid | Ormia depleta (Wiedemann) Tachinidae Formerly in Euphasiopteryx | 1988 USA, Florida (from Brazil) (Frank et al., 1996) | Neoscapteriscus vicinus (Scudder) Gryllotalpidae Formerly in Scapteriscus. | HRT+ Host-range testing done before release. Ormia depleta was attracted to 3 of 5 Scapteriscus (now Neoscapteriscus) species tested, 2 of which were program targets and 1 a non-target invasive species (Fowler, 1987). Based on attraction to host song (the test deemed most reliable, as such attraction must occur for a species to be a field host), Walker (H. Frank, pers. comm.), indicates that the world host range of Ormia depleta includes N. vicinus, N. borellii (Fowler and Kochalka, 1985), N. imitatus Nickle & Castner (Fowler, 1987), and occasionally N. abbreviatus Scudder (H. Frank, pers. comm., seemingly an error occurring in mixed mole cricket populations) but does not include either Neocurtilla hexadactyla (Perty) (Gryllotalpidae) (contrary to Fowler and Garcia, 1987) or a Brazilian cricket given as Anurogryllus sp. (Gryllidae) (contrary to Fowler and Mesa, 1987; Fowler, 1988). | Genus Gryllotalpidae (4 species [2 being targets] in 1 genus, Neoscapteriscus) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Florida, USA (Frank et al., 1996). Establishment:Ormia depleta established successfully in Florida (Frank et al., 1996). Impact:Percentage reduction in trap catch of the two target mole crickets due to biocontrol introductions in Florida ranged from 25 to 81% of former numbers, depending on place, year, and cricket species (Parkman et al., 1996). The target pests became fully controlled (Frank and Walker, 2006), but this change was due to several parasitoid species (O. depleta and L. bicolor) and an introduced entomoparasitic nematode (Steinernema scapterisci Nguyen & Smart) (Parkman et al., 1996). The mole cricket biocontrol program produced a benefit to cost return of 52:1 (Mhina et al., 2016). | Fowler and Garcia, 1987 Fowler and Kochalka, 1985 Fowler and Mesa, 1987 Fowler, 1987 Fowler, 1988 Frank and Walker, 2006 Frank et al., 1996 H. Frank, pers. comm. Mhina et al., 2016 Parkman et al., 1996 |
| Parasitoid | Parallorhogas pyralophagus (Marsh) Braconidae Formerly Allorhogas pyralophagus, the name under which nearly all literature is found. For species description, see Marsh (1984). Yu (2017) lists no other synonyms. | 1985–1987 USA, northern Texas (from Mexico) (Overholt and Smith, 1990) | Diatraea grandiosella Dyar Crambidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include: (1–3) (as laboratory-rearing hosts) Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (given as Maruca testulali) (Crambidae), Tetramoera schistaceana (Snellen) (given as Argyroploce schistaceana) (Tortricidae), and Chilo sacchariphagus (Bojer) (Crambidae) (Rajabalee and Banymadhub, 1986); (4) Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) (Crambidae) (Melton and Browning, 1986); (5–9) (as laboratory hosts): Chilo auricilius Dudgeon, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe), Chilo tumidicostalis (Hampson), Bissetia steniellus (Hampson) (all above, Crambidae), and Emmalocera depressella (Swinhoe) (Pyralidae) (Varma et al., 1987); (10) Eldana saccharina Walker (Pyralidae) (Anon., 1987); (11) (as a laboratory host): Sesamia inferens (Walker) (Noctuidae) (Ballal and Kumar, 1989); (12) (as a laboratory host): Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Crambidae) (Castilho et al., 1989); (13) Diatraea centrellus (Möschler) (Crambidae) (Quashie-Williams, 1991); and (14–17) (as laboratory hosts) Chilo infuscatellus Snellen (Crambidae), Scirpophaga excerptalis Walker (Crambidae), Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Pyralidae), and Galleria mellonella (L.) (Pyralidae) (Easwaramoorthy et al., 1992). | Four Families Crambidae(10 species in 5 genera), Tortricidae (1 species), Pyralidae (4 species in 4 genera), Noctuidae (1 species, as a laboratory-rearing host) | E-/I- Release:Released in northern Texas, USA (Overholt and Smith, 1990). Establishment:Did not establish in northern Texas (Overholt and Smith, 1990), but is established from a pre-1985 release in south Texas on Eoreuma loftini (Meagher et al., 1998). Impact:No impact in northern Texas, but impact recorded in south Texas on E. loftini (Meagher et al. 1998). | Anon., 1987 Ballal and Kumar, 1989 Castilho et al., 1989 Easwaramoorthy et al., 1992 Marsh, 1984 Meagher et al., 1998 Melton and Browning, 1986 Overholt and Smith, 1990 Quashie-Williams, 1991 Rajabalee and Banymadhub, 1986 Varma et al., 1987 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Pediobius foveolatus (Crawford) Eulophidae Noyes (2017) lists 11 synonyms: (1) Mestocharis lividus Girault, (2) Mestocharomyia lividus (Girault), (3) Pediobius epilachnae (Rohwer), (4) Pediobius faveolatus (Crawford), (5) Pediobius mediopunctata (Waterston), (6) Pediobius mediopunctatus (Waterston), (7) Pediobius simiolus (Takahashi), (8) Pleurotropis epilachnae Rohwer, (9) Pleurotropis foveolatus Crawford, (10) Pleurotropis mediopunctata Waterston, and (11) Pleurotropis simiolus Takahashi. | 1985 USA, Northern Mariana Islands (from India [Clausen et al., 1978] via the USA through the USDA BIRL laboratory in Delaware, USA) (Chiu and Moore, 1993) | Epilachna philippinensis Dieke Coccinellidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature hosts include (1) Epilachna philippinensis Dieke (Peterson, 1955); (2) Epilachna sparsa (Herbst) (Angelet et al., 1968); (3) Epilachna varivestis Mulsant (Nakamura and Shiratori, 2010); (4) Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata Motschulsky (Tachikawa, 1976); (5) Henosepilachna pustulosa (Kono) (Nakamura and Ohgushi, 1981); (6) Epilachna ocellata Redtenbacher (Dhingra et al., 1986); (7–10) Epilachna mexicana (Guérin-Méneville), Epilachna obscurella Mulsant, Mada polluta Mulsant, Malata delphinae (Gorham) (Romero-Nápoles et al., 1987); (11) Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) (as Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Nakamura et al., 1988); (12) Epilachna similis Mulsant (given as Chnootriba similis) (Beyene et al., 2007). An unusual record in need of confirmation is as a hyperparasitoid on a braconid wasp (Cotesia sp.) (Paulraj and Ignacimuthu, 2007). Noyes (2017) lists 15 additional species as hosts, 8 of which are not in Coccinellidae and need confirmation: Coccinellidae (1) Cheilomenes sexmaculata Fabricius, (2) Coccinella septempunctata (L.), (3) Epilachna chrysomelina (F.), (4) Epilachna dodecastigma Wiedemann, (5) Epilachna tredecimotata, Arctiidae (6) Diacrisia punctulata Wallengren, Lycaenidae (7) Deudorix antalus, Noctuidae (8) Anomis leona (Schaus & Clements), (9) Eublemma gayneri (Rothschild, (10) Heliothis armigera (Hübner), (11) Spodoptera litura Fabricius, Pieridae (12) Aporia crataegi L., Pyralidae (13) Phycita diaphana (Staudinger). | Family? Coccinellidae (15 species in 4 genera of Epilachninae, dominated by Epilachna [10 species], and 2 species in 2 genera of Coccinellinae). Other records of uncertain accuracy: 8 species in 5 families of Lepidoptera and 1 record as a hyperparasitoid of a braconid | E+/I+ Release:Released in the Northern Mariana Islands (Chiu and Moore, 1993). Establishment:Established in the Northern Mariana Islands (Chiu and Moore, 1993). Impact:In a 1989 island-wide survey, 80% of E. philippinensis larvae were parasitized by P. foveolatus, and pesticide applications on solaneous crops (tomato, eggplant) had declined from twice weekly before introduction to just occasional use (Chiu and Moore, 1993). | Angelet et al., 1968 Beyene et al., 2007 Chiu and Moore, 1993 Clausen et al., 1978 Dhingra et al., 1986 Nakamura and Ohgushi, 1981 Nakamura and Shiratori, 2010 Nakamura et al., 1988 Noyes, 2017 Paulraj and Ignacimuthu, 2007 Peterson, 1955 Romero-Nápoles et al., 1987 Tachikawa, 1976 |
| Parasitoid | Pediobius furvus (Gahan) Eulophidae Noyes (2017) lists two synonyms: Pediobius furvum (Gahan) and Pleurotropis furvum Gahan. | 1985–1987 USA, northern Texas (from Mexico) (Overholt and Smith, 1990) | Diatraea grandiosella Dyar Crambidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Laboratory hosts include (1) Trachylepidia fructicassiella Ragworth (Pyralidae) (Vignes, 1991); (2–3) Chilo sacchariphagus (Bojer) (Crambidae) and Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae) (Williams, 1970); (4) Diatraea grandiosella Dyar (Crambidae) (Overholt and Smith, 1989); and (5) Diatraea lineolata (Crambidae) (Rodríguez-del-Bosque and Smith, 1990). Field hosts include (1–2) Chilo partellus (Crambidae) (Oloo, 1992) and Eoreuma loftini (Crambidae) (Pfannenstiel et al., 1992); (3) Busseola fusca (Fuller)(Noctuidae) (Yitaferu and Gebre-Amlak, 1994); (4) Sesamia cretica Lederer (Noctuidae) (Gahan, 1928); (5) Chilo argyrolepia Hampson (Crambidae) (La Croix, 1967); (6) Eldana saccharina Wilkinson (Pyralidae) (Scheibelreiter, 1980); and (7) Sesamia grisescens Walker (Noctuidae) (Kuniata and Sweet, 1994). Noyes (2017) lists several additional species as hosts: Geometridae (1) Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll); Noctuidae (2) Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner; (3) Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefebvre); (4) Sesamia penniseti Tams & J. Bowden; (5) Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith); Crambidae (6) Chilo orichalcociliellus Strand; (7) Chilo terenellus Pagenstecher; (8) Coniesta ignefusalis (Hampson; (9) Diatraea dyari Box; (10) Diatraea saccharalis (F.); (11) Eodiatraea rufescens (Box); Pyralidae (12) Galleria mellonella (L.) (presumably a laboratory host). | Four Families Crambidae (12 species in 5 genera), Noctuidae (7 species in 4 genera), Pyralidae (3 species in 3 genera), Geometridae (1 species). Fields hosts are stem borers in grasses. | E-/I- Release:Released in northern Texas, USA (Overholt and Smith, 1990). Establishment:Not established in northern Texas (Overholt and Smith, 1990). Impact:Not applicable | Gahan, 1928 Kuniata and Sweet, 1994 La Croix, 1967 Noyes, 2017 Oloo, 1992 Overholt and Smith, 1989 Overholt and Smith, 1990 Pfannenstiel et al., 1992 Rodríguez-del-Bosque and Smith, 1990 Scheibelreiter, 1980 Vignes, 1991 Williams, 1970 Yitaferu and Gebre-Amlak, 1994 |
| Parasitoid | Peristenus conradi Marsh Braconidae Synonym and perhaps current name is Leiophron conradi (Marsh) (Yu, 2017), but the biocontrol literature is under Peristenus. | 1986–1990 USA, Delaware (from Europe) (Day et al., 1992) | Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze) Miridae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. There are no other literature host records. Post-release surveys in 2 U.S. states found parasitism of only the target mirid (A. lineolatus) among 7 phytophagous mirid species sampled (Day, 1999, 2005). | Species Miridae ( known only from the target pest) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Delaware, USA (Day et al., 1992). Establishment:Established in Delaware (Day et al., 1992). Impact:At the study site, P. conradi caused 40% parasitism of the target pest (Day et al., 1992) and 22% parasitism of the pest in a later, wider survey (Day, 1999), although reduction of the target pest’s density is reported as “slight” (Day 2005). | Day et al., 1992 Day, 1999 Day, 2005 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Peristenus digoneutis Loan Braconidae Leiophron digoneutis (Loan) is a synonym or may be the current name (Loan) (Yu, 2017), but the biocontrol literature is under Peristenus. For species description, see Loan and Bilewicz-Pawinska (1973). | 1990–2005 Canada: (1) Saskatchewan: 1981 and 1990–1992 (see Table 32.2, p. 156 of Broadbent et al., 2002), and 2005 (1991-1992 and 2005 releases from Europe via northeastern USA via Ontario/Quebec Canada) (Broadbent et al., 2013). (2) Ontario/Quebec: pre-1985 (spread naturally to Quebec from the USA where it was released earlier [Day et al., 1990]; subsequently intentionally redistributed from Quebec to Ontario [Broadbent et al., 2013]) | Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) Miridae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Post-release field host records in the northeastern United States showed that P. digoneutis parasitized only 1 of 7 mirids found in alfalfa fields, the target pest L. lineolaris (Day, 1999; see also Day, 2005). Host literature records from Europe include the following mirid bugs: (1) Lygus rugulipennis Poppius (Bilewicz-Pawinska, 1976); (2–3) Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze) and Leptopterna dolobrata (L.) (Haye et al., 2005). Based on European host records and laboratory host range testing, Mason et al. (2011) suggest that the host range of P. digoneutis in North America will be limited to the genus Lygus. | Family Miridae (4 species in 3 genera). In North America, host range appears to be limited to the genus Lygus (Mason et al., 2011). | E+/I? Release:(1) Saskatchewan: Released in 1981, 1990–1992, and 2005 in Saskatchewan, Canada (Broadbent et al., 2013). (2) Ontario/Quebec: Before 1985, P. digoneutis spread naturally from the USA to Quebec from where it was intentionally redistributed to Ontario (also pre-1985) (Day et al., 1990; Broadbent et al., 2013). Establishment:(1): Saskatchewan: Not established at any Saskatchewan release site (Broadbent et al., 2002; Broadbent et al., 2013). (2): Ontario/Quebec: Established pre-1985 in Quebec (Broadbent et al., 1999) and Ontario (Broadbent et al., 2013). Impact:(1) Saskatchewan: Not applicable. (2) Ontario/Quebec: Impact is “undertermined” in Ontario and Quebec. However, it should be noted that in the northeastern United States, P. digoneutis increased parasitism of the target pest in alfalfa from about 15% by native species to 40–50% (P. digoneutis +native species), and the density of the pest decreased by 75% (Day, 1996; see also Day, 2005). Release of P. digoneutis in the United States occurred before 1985 and so is not recorded separately in this catalog, but events in the United States are referenced because the same degree of impact is likely to occur or have occurred in Ontario and Quebec. | Bilewicz-Pawinska, 1976 Broadbent et al., 1999 Broadbent et al., 2002 Broadbent et al., 2013 Day et al., 1990 Day, 1996 Day, 1999 Day, 2005 Haye et al., 2005 Loan and Bilewicz-Pawinska, 1973 Mason et al., 2011 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Peristenus relictus (Ruthe) Braconidae Leiophron relicta is either a synonym or may be the current correct name; other synonyms include Peristenus stygicus and Microctonus relictus (Yu, 2017). The biocontrol literature on the species is under bioth P. relictus and P. stygicus. For species description, see Loan and Bilewicz-Pawinska (1973). | 1998 USA, California (from Europe) (Pickett et al., 2007). Peristenus relictus was released earlier in 1973 in California, where it reproduced but later died out (Van Steenwyk and Stern, 1977). | Lygus hesperus Knight Miridae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Host literature records from Europe include the following mirid bugs: (1) Lygus rugulipennis Poppius (Loan and Bilewicz-Pawinska, 1973); (2) Polymerus unifasciatus (F.) (Drea et al., 1973); (3) Lygus hesperus Knight (Butler and Wardecker, 1974); (4–7) Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), Polymerus basalis (Reuter), Labopidicola geminatus (Johnston), and Psallus seriatus (Reuter) (Condit and Cate, 1982); (8) in northern Germany, the field host range of P. relictus includes at least 16 species, in the Mirinae, Phylinae, and Bryocorinae (Haye et al., 2006). Based on European host records and laboratory host range testing, Mason et al. (2011) suggest that the host range of P. relictus in North America will include species in the genus Lygus and other mirids in other genera. | Family Miridae (various species in several subfamilies) | E+/I+ Release:Released in California, USA (Pickett et al., 2007). Establishment:Established in California (Pickett et al., 2013b). Impact:The establishment of P. relictus in two locations in central California was associated with reductions in densities of L. hesperus in alfalfa (Pickett et al., 2013b). In addition, spread of the parasitoid in central California has occurred (Picket et al., 2013b). | Butler and Wardecker, 1974 Condit and Cate, 1982 Drea et al., 1973 Haye et al., 2006 Loan and Bilewicz-Pawinska, 1973 Mason et al., 2011 Pickett et al., 2007 Pickett et al., 2013b Van Steenwyk and Stern, 1977 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Peristenus relictus (Ruthe) Braconidae Leiophron relicta is either a synonym or may be the current correct name; other synonyms include Peristenus stygicus and Microctonus relictus (Yu, 2017). The biocontrol literature on the species is under bioth P. relictus and P. stygicus. For species description, see Loan and Bilewicz-Pawinska (1973). | 2014 Mexico, Baja California (source not stated, likely California USA) (H. C. Arredondo-Bernal, pers. comm.) | Lygus hesperus Knight Miridae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Host literature records from Europe include the following mirid bugs: (1) Lygus rugulipennis Poppius (Loan and Bilewicz-Pawinska, 1973); (2) Polymerus unifasciatus (F.) (Drea et al., 1973); (3) Lygus hesperus Knight (Butler and Wardecker, 1974); (4–7) Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), Polymerus basalis (Reuter), Labopidicola geminatus (Johnston), and Psallus seriatus (Reuter) (Condit and Cate, 1982); (8) in northern Germany, the field host range of P. relictus includes at least 16 species, in the Mirinae, Phylinae, and Bryocorinae (Haye et al., 2006). Based on European host records and laboratory host range testing, Mason et al. (2011) suggest that the host range of P. relictus in North America will include species in the genus Lygus and other mirids in other genera. | Family Miridae (various species in several subfamilies) | E?/I? Release:Released in Baja California, Mexico (H. C. Arredondo-Bernal, pers. comm.). Establishment:Establishment in Mexico not determined. Impact:Not determined | Butler and Wardecker, 1974 Condit and Cate, 1982 Drea et al., 1973 H. C. Arredondo-Bernal, pers. comm. Haye et al., 2006 Loan and Bilewicz-Pawinska, 1973 Mason et al., 2011 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Phygadeuon wiesmanni Sachtleben Ichneumonidae Yu (2017) lists no synonyms for this species. | 1985–1991 Canada, Ontario (from Austria, Switzerland, and Germany) (Hoffmeister, 2002) | Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) Tephritidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include other species of Rhagoletis: R. cerasi L. (Weismann, 1933) and R. alternata Fallén (Rygg, 1979). | Genus Tephritidae (3 species in 1 genus, Rhagoletis) | E-/I- Release:Released in Ontario, Canada (Hoffmeister, 2002). Establishment:Not established after release in Ontario (Hoffmeister, 2002). Impact:Not applicable | Hoffmeister, 2002 Rygg, 1979 Weismann, 1933 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Phymastichus coffea (LaSalle) Eulophidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. For species description, see LaSalle (1990). | 1992 Mexico, Chiapas (from West Africa via Colombia and Guatemala) (Barrera et al., 2008) | Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) Curculionidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Post-release, host range testing showed that of the three curculionids tested, all were suitable for parasitism: Araptus sp., Hypothenemus obscurus (Fabricius), and Hypothenemus seriatus (Eichhoff) (López-Vaamonde and Moore, 1998). Also, Castillo et al., (2004) found that of three non-target Hypothenemus species tested, 2 species (H. crudiae [Panzer] and H. eruditus Westwood) were successfully parasitized. at levels of 14 and 6%; Hypothenemus plumeriae (Nordlinger) was not parasitized, nor were 2 species in other weevil genera (Scolytodes borealis Jordal, and Arpatus fossifrons Wood). Noyes (2017) lists no other hosts. | Genus? Curculionidae (5 species in 1 genus, Hypothenemus). The status of Arpatus species as hosts needs further investigation) | E-/I- Release:Released in Chiapas, Mexico (Barrera et al., 2008). Establishment:Not established in Chiapas (Barrera et al., 2008), but it did establish in Honduras (Rafael Trejo et al., 2000) and so may spread naturally into Mexico. Impact:Not applicable. The measurement of the impact of self-reproducing field populations in Mexico has not yet been possible. However, augmentative sleeve-cage trials under field conditions suggest the potential for substantial control (Infante et al., 2013). | Barrera et al., 2008 Castillo et al., 2004 Infante et al., 2013 LaSalle, 1990 López-Vaamonde and Moore, 1998 Noyes, 2017 Rafael Trejo et al., 2000 |
| Parasitoid | Platygaster tuberosula Kieffer Platygasteridae | 1993 Canada, Saskatchewan (from Switzerland and surrounding parts of central Europe) (Olfert et al., 2003) | Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) Cecidomyiidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include only the target pest, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Chavalle et al., 2015). | Possibly Species Cecidomyiidae (known only from the target pest, but literature is extremely limited). | E+/I+ Release:Released in Saskatchewan, Canada (Olfert et al., 2003). Establishment:Established in Saskatchewan (Olfert et al., 2003). Impact:Parasitism of target pest in 2011 at one location was measured as 11% (Doane et al., 2013). | Chavalle et al., 2015 Doane et al., 2013 Olfert et al., 2003 |
| Parasitoid | Platygaster tuberosula Kieffer Platygasteridae | 2015 USA, Montana (from Switzerland and surrounding parts of Central Europe via Saskatchewan Canada) (G. Reddy, pers. comm.) | Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) Cecidomyiidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include only the target pest, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Chavalle et al., 2015). | Possibly Species Cecidomyiidae (known only from the target pest, but literature is extremely limited). | E+/I? Release:Released in Montana, USA (G. Reddy, pers. comm.). Establishment:Established in Montana (G. Reddy, pers. comm.). Impact:Not yet evaluated | Chavalle et al., 2015 G. Reddy, pers. comm. Olfert et al., 2003 |
| Parasitoid | Prorops nasuta Waterson Bethylidae | 1988 Mexico, Chiapas (from Kenya and Togo via Brazil) (Barrera et al., 1990a, 2008) | Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) Curculionidae | HRT- No host-range testing done before release. Of 5 species tested by Pérez-Lachau and Hardy (2001), P. nasuta parasitized 2 species: Caulophilus oryzae (Gyllenhal) and Sitophilus sp. (both Curculionidae). Literature hosts in include Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) (Balakrishnan et al., 2011). | Family Curculionidae (4 species in 4 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in Chiapas, Mexico (Barrera et al., 1990a, 2008). Establishment:Not established in Chiapis (Infante et al., 2001; Barrera et al., 2008). Impact:Not applicable | Balakrishnan et al., 2011 Barrera et al., 1990a Barrera et al., 2008 Infante et al., 2001 Pérez-Lachaud and Hardy, 2001 |
| Parasitoid | Pseudacteon cultellatus Borgmeier Phoridae | 2010 USA, Florida (from northern Argentina or adjacent countries) (Porter et al., 2013) | Solenopsis invicta Buren Formicidae | HRT+ Host-range testing done before release. This species and all the Pseudacteon listed here are specific to the genus Solenopsis or specific to particular species within the genus. For P. cultellatus, 15 non-target ant species were tested. Flies failed to develop in all 12 species of non-Solenopsis ants (S. Porter, pers. comm.). Flies developed in 3 native Solenopsis fire ants (S. aurea, Wheeler, W.M., S. geminata [F.] and S. xyloni McCook), but production was much lower than with the target host, S. invicta (S. Porter, pers. comm.; Estrada et al., 2006). This species is more host specific than P. curvatus but less than other Pseudacteon species released. | Genus Formicidae (4 species in 1 genus, Solenopsis) | E+/I- Release:Released in Florida, USA (Porter et al., 2013). Establishment:Established in Florida (Porter et al., 2013). Impact:Probably minimal; still occurs at very low densities in release areas. | Estrada et al., 2006 Porter et al., 2013 S. Porter, pers. comm. |
| Parasitoid | Pseudacteon curvatus Biotype #1 Borgmeier Phoridae | 2000 USA, Florida (from northern Argentina) (Graham et al. 2003) | Solenopsis invicta Buren Formicidae | HRT+ Host-range testing done before release. This species and all the Pseudacteon listed here are specific to the genus Solenopsis or specific to particular species within the genus. None of the 19 species of ants in non-Solenopsis genera were parasitized (Porter, 2000). Two species of non-target Solenopsis ants were attacked (S. geminata [F.] and S. xyloni McCook) but at lower rates than the target species (Porter, 2000; Vazquez et al., 2004). Host specificity confirmed post-release in field (Vazquez and Porter, 2005). | Genus Formicidae (3 species in 1 genus, Solenopsis) | E-/I- Release:Released in Florida, USA (Graham et al., 2003). Establishment:Repeatedly failed to establish on red imported fire ants (S. invicta) in Florida even though it was cultured on them through multiple generations in the laboratory (Graham et al. 2003). Impact:Not applicable | Graham et al., 2003 Porter, 2000 S. Porter, pers. comm. Vazquez and Porter, 2005 Vazquez et al., 2004 |
| Parasitoid | Pseudacteon curvatus Biotype #1 Borgmeier Phoridae | 2000 USA, Tennessee (from northern Argentina) (Graham et al. 2003) | Solenopsis richteri and hybrids Forel Formicidae | HRT+ Host-range testing done before release. This species and all the Pseudacteon listed here are specific to the genus Solenopsis or specific to particular species within the genus. None of the 19 species of ants in non-Solenopsis genera were parasitized (Porter, 2000). Two species of non-target Solenopsis ants were attacked (S. geminata [F.] and S. xyloni McCook) but at lower rates than the target species (Porter, 2000; Vazquez et al., 2004). Host specificity confirmed post-release in field (Vazquez and Porter, 2005). | Genus Formicidae (3 species in 1 genus, Solenopsis) | E+/I? Release:Released in Tennessee, USA (Graham et al., 2003). Establishment:Established well in Tennessee and Alabama on the related invasive black imported fire ant (S. richteri) and red/black hybrid ants (S. Porter, pers. comm.) Impact:Impact on black fire ant in Tennessee and Alabama is unknown. | Graham et al., 2003 Porter, 2000 S. Porter, pers. comm. Vazquez and Porter, 2005 Vazquez et al., 2004 |
| Parasitoid | Pseudacteon curvatus Biotype #2 ("Formosa" biotype) Borgmeier Phoridae | 2003 USA, Florida (from town of Formosa in Argentina) (Vazquez et al., 2006) | Solenopsis invicta Buren Formicidae | HRT+ Host-range testing done before release. This species and all the Pseudacteon listed here are specific to the genus Solenopsis or specific to particular species within the genus. None of the 19 species of ants in non-Solenopsis genera were parasitized (Porter, 2000). Two species of non-target Solenopsis ants were attacked (S. geminata [F.] and S. xyloni McCook) but at lower rates than the target species (Porter, 2000; Vazquez et al., 2004). Host specificity confirmed post-release in field (Vazquez and Porter, 2005). | Genus Formicidae (3 species in 1 genus, Solenopsis) | E+/I? Release:Released in Florida, USA, following the failure of the first biotype (Vazquez et al., 2006; Callcott et al. 2011). Establishment:The “Formosa” biotype established on S. invicta in Florida (Vazquez et al., 2006; Porter, 2010) and beyond (Callcott et al., 2011). Impact:Impact not yet determined in Florida. | Callcott et al., 2011 Porter, 2000 Porter, 2010 S. Porter, pers. comm. Vazquez and Porter, 2005 Vazquez et al., 2004 Vazquez et al., 2006 |
| Parasitoid | Pseudacteon litoralis Borgmeier Phoridae | 1995–2005 USA, Texas (1995), Florida and Louisiana (2003–2006), and Alabama (2005) (from northern Argentina) (Porter et al., 2011) | Solenopsis invicta Buren Formicidae | HRT+ Host-range testing was done before release. This species and all the Pseudacteon listed here are specific to the genus Solenopsis or specific to particular species within the genus. There was no attack on 27 non-target non-Solenopsis ants (Porter et al., 1995; Porter and Alonso, 1999). One non-target species of Solenopis (S. geminata) was attacked (at 9% of rate on the target pest), but there was no successful development (Gilbert and Morrison, 1997); in Brazil in a field test, there were no attacks on S. geminata (Porter, 1998). | Species Group Formicidae (2 species in 1 genus, Solenopsis) | E+/I? Release:Released in the USA in Texas, Florida, Louisiana, and Alabama (S. Porter, pers. comm.; Porter et al., 2011). Establishment:Establishment failed in Texas, Florida, and Louisiana, but succeeded in Alabama (Porter et al., 2011) Impact:Impact in Alabama not yet determined. | Gilbert and Morrison, 1997 Porter and Alonso, 1999 Porter et al., 1995 Porter et al., 2011 Porter, 1998 S. Porter, pers. comm. |
| Parasitoid | Pseudacteon nocens Borgmeier Phoridae | 2006–2010 USA, Texas (from northern Argentina) (Plowes et al., 2012) | Solenopsis invicta Buren Formicidae | HRT+ Host-range testing was done before release. This species and all the Pseudacteon listed here are specific to the genus Solenopsis or specific to particular species within the genus. A low level of parasitism occurred on one non-target native Solenopsis species, S. geminata (F.), which was attacked at about 1/5 the rate on the target pest (Estrada et al., 2006). | Genus Formicidae (2 species in 1 species group within 1 genus, Solenopsis) | E+/I? Release:Released in Texas, USA (Plowes et al., 2012). Establishment:Established in Texas and spreading (Plowes et al., 2012). Impact:Impact not yet determined. | Estrada et al., 2006 Plowes et al., 2012 |
| Parasitoid | Pseudacteon obtusus Borgmeier Phoridae | 2006–2007 USA, Texas (2006) and Florida (2007) (from northern Argentina) | Solenopsis invicta Buren Formicidae | HRT+ Host range testing was done before release. This species and all the Pseudacteon listed here are specific to the genus Solenopsis or specific to particular species within the genus. One non-target Solenopsis (S. geminata [F.]) was tested and was not attacked in one assessment (Morrison and Gilbert, 1999), but was at about 10% the rate of attack on the target pest in another assessment (Estrada et al., 2006). | Genus Formicidae (2 species in 1 genus, Solenopsis) | E+/I? Release:Released in Texas and Florida, USA (Gilbert et al., 2008; Porter and Calcaterra, 2013). Establishment:Established in Texas and Florida (Gilbert et al., 2008; Porter and Calcaterra, 2013). Impact:Impact not yet determined. | Estrada et al., 2006 Gilbert et al., 2008 Morrison and Gilbert, 1999 Porter and Calcaterra, 2013 |
| Parasitoid | Pseudacteon tricuspis Borgmeier Phoridae | 1997 USA, Florida (from Brazil and Argentina) (Porter et al., 1999) | Solenopsis invicta Buren Formicidae | HRT+ Host-range testing was done before release. This species and all the Pseudacteon listed here are specific to the genus Solenopsis or specific to particular species within the genus. In quarantine, of 6 non-target, non-Solenopsis species in 5 genera offered, none were attacked (Porter and Alonso, 1999). After establishment in Florida, host specificity was confirmed by disturbing fire ant mounds, exposing non-target ants to potential attack. Of 14 species in 12 genera exposed in this manner, none were attacked (Morrison and Porter, 2006). Solenopsis geminata (F.) was either attacked at a very low rate (4% of rate on target [Gilbert and Morrison, 1997; Porter and Alonso, 1999]) or not at all (Morrison and Porter, 2006), or without production of fly progeny (Porter, 1998). | Species Group Formicidae (2 species in 1 species group within 1 genus, Solenopsis) | E+/I- Release:Released in Florida, USA (Porter et al., 1999). Establishment:Established in Florida (Porter et al., 1999) and subsequently in other states (Callcott et al., 2011). Impact:Initial impacts in Florida were not sufficient to be detected above natural population variability (Morrison and Porter, 2005). | Callcott et al., 2011 Gilbert and Morrison, 1997 Morrison and Porter, 2005 Morrison and Porter, 2006 Porter and Alonso, 1999 Porter et al., 1999 Porter, 1998 |
| Parasitoid | Pseudacteon tricuspis Borgmeier Phoridae | 1995 USA, Texas (from Brazil and Argentina) (Porter et al., 1999) | Solenopsis richteri and hybrids Forel Formicidae | HRT+ Host-range testing was done before release. This species and all the Pseudacteon listed here are specific to the genus Solenopsis or specific to particular species within the genus. In quarantine, of 6 non-target, non-Solenopsis species in 5 genera offered, none were attacked (Porter and Alonso, 1999). After establishment in Florida, host specificity was confirmed by disturbing fire ant mounds, exposing non-target ants to potential attack. Of 14 species in 12 genera exposed in this manner, none were attacked (Morrison and Porter, 2006). Solenopsis geminata (F.) was either attacked at a very low rate (4% of rate on target [Gilbert and Morrison, 1997; Porter and Alonso, 1999]) or not at all (Morrison and Porter, 2006), or without production of fly progeny (Porter, 1998). | Species Group Formicidae (2 species in 1 species group within 1 genus, Solenopsis) | E-/I- Release:Released in Texas, USA (Porter et al., 1999). Establishment:Releases in Texas failed (Porter et al., 1999). Impact:Not applicable | Callcott et al., 2011 Gilbert and Morrison, 1997 Morrison and Porter, 2005 Morrison and Porter, 2006 Porter and Alonso, 1999 Porter et al., 1999 Porter, 1998 |
| Parasitoid | Pseudleptomastix mexicana Noyes and Schauff Encyrtidae For species description, see (Noyes and Schauff, 2003). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 2002 USA, Guam (likely native to Mexico but collected in Puerto Rico; its release in Puerto Rico is not recorded) (G. Reddy, pers. comm.; Meyerdirk et al., 2004) | Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara De Willink Pseudococcidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts are recorded in the literature. Noyes (2017) lists no species other than the target pest as hosts. | Possibly Species Pseudococcidae (known only from the target pest, but literature is limited and species only described since 2003) | E?/I? Release:Released in Guam (Meyerdirk et al., 2004). Establishment:Establishment of P. mexicana in Guam is undetermined. Impact:The target pest was reduced >99% within one year of the introduction of this parasitoid and another species used in the program, Acerophagus papaya. No separate accounting of impact by parasitoid species was found for Guam. | G. Reddy, pers. comm. Meyerdirk et al., 2004 Noyes and Schauff, 2003 Noyes, 2017 UF/IFAS factsheet, not dated |
| Parasitoid | Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Psyllaephagus quadricyclus Riek. Note: two parasitoids of two other invasive eucalypt psyllids were self-introduced: (1) Psyllaephagus parvus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on lemon gum psyllid, Cryptoneossa triangula Taylor and (2) Psyllaephagus perplexans Cockerell on the lerp-forming spotted gum psyllid, Eucalyptolyma maideni Froggatt (Jones et al., 2011). These are not included in this work because they were not deliberately introduced but are referenced here to prevent confusion. | 2000 USA, California (from Australia) (Dahlsten et al., 2003) | Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore Psyllidae Red gum lerp psyllid | HRT+ Host-range testing was done before release. None of 3 non-target eucalyptus-feeding psyllids tested (Trioza eugeniae Froggatt, Ctenarytaina eucalypti [Maskell], Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Moore) were attacked (Dahlsten et al., 2003). Literature hosts include only Spondyliaspis cf. plicatuloides (Froggatt) (Psyllidae) (Bush et al., 2017). Noyes (2017) lists 4 species as hosts; however, 2 were tested by Dahlsten et al., 2003) and found not to be parasitized (B. melaleucae and C. eucalypti). Disregarding those, the other psyllids listed as hosts by Noyes (2017) are (1) Creiis costatus (Froggatt) and (2) Glycaspis granulata (Froggatt). | Family Psyllidae* (4 species in 3 genera). *The family Psyllidae has been recently subdivided into additional families, and the placement of these genera in that new taxonomic arrangement has not been determined here. | E+/I+ Release:Released in California, USA (Dahlsten et al., 2003). Establishment:Established in California (Dahlsten et al., 2003). Impact:Indications are that control in some parts of California are substantial, with a 50% reduction in female psyllids being observed within a year or so of release at several sites (Dahlsten et al., 2003). Pest suppression by P. bliteus is, however, mostly limited to coastal California, and less control has occurred in the inland, hotter areas (Sime et al., 2004; Daane et al., 2012). | Bush et al., 2017 Daane et al., 2012 Dahlsten et al., 2003 Jones et al., 2011 Noyes, 2017 Sime et al., 2004 Villa Castillo, 2005 |
| Parasitoid | Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Psyllaephagus quadricyclus Riek. | 2001 northern Mexico (from Australia via California USA) (Villa Castillo, 2005) | Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore Psyllidae Red gum lerp psyllid | HRT+ Host-range testing was done before release in the United States, but not separately for Mexico. None of 3 non-target eucalyptus-feeding psyllids tested (Trioza eugeniae Froggatt, Ctenarytaina eucalypti [Maskell], Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Moore) were attacked (Dahlsten et al., 2003). Literature hosts include only Spondyliaspis cf. plicatuloides (Froggatt) (Psyllidae) (Bush et al., 2017). Noyes (2017) lists 4 species as hosts; however, 2 were tested by Dahlsten et al., 2003) and found not to be parasitized (B. melaleucae and C. eucalypti). Disregarding those, the other psyllids listed as hosts by Noyes (2017) are (1) Creiis costatus (Froggatt) and (2) Glycaspis granulata (Froggatt). | Family Psyllidae* (4 species in 3 genera). *The family Psyllidae has been recently subdivided into additional families, and the placement of these genera in that new taxonomic arrangement has not been determined here. | E+/I? Release:Released in northern Mexico (Villa Castillo, 2005). Establishment:Established in ten states in Mexico (Villa Castillo, 2005). Impact:Outcome not reported. | Bush et al., 2017 Dahlsten et al., 2003 Noyes, 2017 Villa Castillo, 2005 |
| Parasitoid | Psyllaephagus pilosus Noyes Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1993 USA, California (from Australia) (Dahlsten et al., 1998a) | Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell) Psyllidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. This parasitoid is likely a eucalypt specialist, conferring high host specificity where eucalypts are not native. No other hosts are known from the literature. Noyes (2017) lists no other species as hosts. | Possibly Species Psyllidae (known only from the target pest, but literature is very limited) | E+/I+ Release:Released in California, USA (Dahlsten et al., 1998a,b). Establishment:Established in California (Dahlsten et al., 1998a,b). Impact:Control of pest was complete within a year (Dahlsten et al., 1998a), and economic benefit ratio to blue gum foliage growers was between 9 and 24 to 1 (Dahlsten et al., 1998b). | Dahlsten et al., 1998a Dahlsten et al., 1998b Noyes, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Psyllaephagus yaseeni Noyes Encyrtidae Recorded as P. rotundifolius or P. nr rotundiformis before Noyes (1990) described it as a new species (Beardsley and Uchida, 1990). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1987 USA, Hawaii (from Tobago) (Nakahara and Funasaki, 1987) | Heteropsylla cubana Crawford Psyllidae | HRT+ Host-range testing was done before release. Two non-target Heteropsylla species (H. huasachae Caldwell and H. fusca Crawford) were accepted as hosts (Nakahara and Funasaki, 1987). Noyes (2017) lists 1 additional species as a host: Heteropsylla incisa (Šulc). | Genus Psyllidae (4 species in 1 genus, Heteropsylla) | E+/I? Release:Released in Hawaii (Nakahara and Funasaki, 1987). Establishment:Established in Hawaii (Beardsley and Uchida, 1990). Impact:Impact not determined. | Beardsley and Uchida, 1990 Nakahara and Funasaki, 1987 Noyes, 1990 Noyes, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Psyttalia carinata (Thompson) Braconidae Synonyms include Psyttalia rhagoleticola (Sachtleben) and a former generic placement as an Opius species (Yu, 2017). | 1985–1991 Canada, Ontario (from Austria, Switzerland, Germany) (Hoffmeister, 2002) | Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) Tephritidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Host literature records include Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew) in Europe, where this North American species is invasive (Schuler et al., 2016). | Genus Tephritidae (3 species in 1 genus, Rhagoletis) | E-/I- Release:Released in Ontario, Canada (Hoffmeister, 2002). Establishment:Did not establish in Ontario (Hoffmeister, 2002). Impact:Not applicable | Hoffmeister, 2002 Schuler et al., 2016 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Psyttalia carinata (Thompson) Braconidae Synonyms include Psyttalia rhagoleticola (Sachtleben) and a former generic placement as an Opius species (Yu, 2017). | 1985–1991 Canada, Ontario (from Austria, Switzerland, Germany) (Hoffmeister, 2002) | Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) Tephritidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Host literature records include Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew) in Europe, where this North American species is invasive (Schuler et al., 2016). | Genus Tephritidae (3 species in 1 genus, Rhagoletis) | E-/I- Release:Released in Ontario, Canada (Hoffmeister, 2002). Establishment:Did not establish in Ontario (Hoffmeister, 2002). Impact:Not applicable | Hoffmeister, 2002 Schuler et al., 2016 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Psyttalia humilis (Silvestri) Braconidae Formerly in Opius; no other synonyms (Yu, 2017). The Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) species complex has been described, with the species P.humilis as a member that is sub-Saharan in distribution (Rugman-Jones et al., 2009). | 2006–2013 USA, California (from Namibia) (Daane et al., 2017). Releases of “Opius humilis” were made in California in 1934 against Rhagoletis completa, with next year recoveries (Boyce, 1934). However, this usage of the name can no longer be coordinated with modern taxonomy of the genus. No Psytallia species was recovered by Kent Daane from samples of walnut husk fly in California, suggesting it did not establish (K. Daane, pers. comm.). | Bactrocera oleae Gmelin Tephritidae | HRT+ Host-range testing was done before release. One non-target species (of two tested) was attacked (Parafreutreta regalis [Munro]), but one, (Chaetorellia succinea [Costa]), was not (Daane et al., 2011). Host literature records include Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Ehrhorn, 1915). Rhagoletis completa Cresson (Boyce, 1934) also appears in the literature in association with the name Opius humilis but that name’s usage in the 1930s cannot be accurately matched to current use of the names in the genus and so is unreliable. | Family Tephritidae (3 species in 3 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in California, USA (Yokoyama et al., 2011; Daane et al., 2011, 2017). Establishment:While field reproduction did occur in California following release, the parasitoid apparently failed to overwinter, even at mild coastal sites (Daane et al., 2017). Impact:Field cage trials done in California from 2006 to 2009 (Wang et al., 2011), but no field population could be established to evaluate the species’ impact (Daane et al., 2017). | Boyce, 1934 Daane et al., 2011 Daane et al., 2017 Ehrhorn, 1915 K. Daane, pers. comm. Rugman-Jones et al., 2009 Yokoyama et al., 2011 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Psyttalia lounsburyi (Silvestri) Braconidae Formerly in Opius; no other synonyms (Yu, 2017). | 2006–2013 USA, California (from Kenya and South Africa) (Daane et al., 2017) | Bactrocera oleae Gmelin Tephritidae | HRT+ Host-range testing was done before release. No attack occurred on the 5 non-target tephritids tested: Rhagoletis fausta (Osten Sacken), Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), Euphranta canadensis (Loew), Parafreutreta regalis (Munro), and Chaetorellia succinea (Costa) (Daane et al., 2008, 2011). In field collections in the native range (Africa), P. lounsburyi has been reared only from B. oleae (see references in Daane et al., 2008 [Narayanan and Chawla, 1962; Neuenschwander, 1982; Wharton and Gilstrap, 1983; Wharton et al., 2000]). Literature host records include Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) as a laboratory-rearing host (Billah et al., 2005). | Genus? Tephritidae (2 species in 2 genera, one of which is a laboratory rearing host) | E+/I? Release:Released in California, USA (Daane et al., 2011, 2017). Establishment:Recoveries were made in California (of parasitoids of South African origin) that were determined to be P. lounsburyi (Bon et al. 2017), and establishment has been confirmed (Daane et al., 2017). Impact:Field cage trials were done in California before release from 2006 to 2009 that showed substantial parasitism (Wang et al., 2011). Post-establishment impact in the field has not yet been determined. | Billah et al., 2005 Bon et al. 2017 Daane et al., 2008 Daane et al., 2011 Daane et al., 2017 Wang et al., 2011 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Pteroptrix wanhsiensis (Compere) Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Casca wanhsiensis Compere. | 1986 USA, Maryland (from Korea) (see p. 230 of Barbosa et al., 1994). Released previously in California, USA in 1948-1949 against Aonidiella aurantii Maskell, but did not establish (Flanders, 1956). | Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Diaspididae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include (1) Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (Diaspididae) (Flanders, 1956) and (2) Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Constock) (Diaspididae) (Chumakova, 1964). Noyes (2017) lists no other species as hosts. | Family Diaspididae (3 species in 3 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in Maryland, USA (see p. 230 of Barbosa et al., 1994). Establishment:Not established Maryland (see p. 230 of Barbosa et al., 1994). Impact:Not applicable | Barbosa et al., 1994 Chumakova, 1964 Flanders, 1956 Noyes, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Quadrastichus haitiensis (Gahan) Eulophidae For species description, see Gahan (1929). Noyes (2017) lists former generic placements in Aprostocetus and Tetrastichus, but no other synonyms. | 1998 USA, Florida (from the Caribbean) (Peña et al., 2004). Released earlier (1969) in Florida (Sutton et al., 1972), but apparently did not establish on Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) (Beavers and Selhime, 1975; Hall et al., 2001), but the parasitoid was recovered in Florida from Pachnaeus opalus (Olivier) (Beavers et al., 1980). | Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) Curculionidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing was done before release. Literature host records include the following curculionids: (1) Exophthalmus quadrivittatus (Olivier) (Gahan, 1929); (2) Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) (Wolcott, 1934); (3–4) Diaprepes (Prepodes) vittatus (L.) and Exophthalmus similis Drury (Edwards, 1938); (5) Pachnaeus litus (Germar) (Sutton et al., 1972); and (6) Pachnaeus opalus (Olivier) (Beavers et al., 1980). Noyes (2017) lists one additional weevil as a host: Diaprepes famelicus (Olivier). | Family Curculionidae (7 species in 3 genera). Attacks eggs of weevils concealed in plant tissues. | E+/I? Release:Released in Florida, USA (Peña et al., 2004). Establishment:Established in Florida (Peña et al., 2004). Impact:Impact not determined. | Beavers and Selhime, 1975 Beavers et al., 1980 Edwards, 1938 Gahan, 1929 Hall et al., 2001 Noyes, 2017 Peña et al., 2004 Sutton et al., 1972 Wolcott, 1934 |
| Parasitoid | Schoenlandella diaphaniae (Marsh) Braconidae For species description, see (Marsh, 1986). Former generic placement in Cardiochiles ; no other synonyms (Yu, 2017). | 1986 USA, Florida (from South America) (Marsh, 1986) | Diaphania hyalinata (L.) Crambidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing was done before release. Literature hosts include only the 2 target hosts Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll) and Diaphania hyalinata (L.) (Smith et al., 1994). | Genus Crambidae (2 species in 1 genus, Diaphania) | E+/I? Release:Released in Florida, USA (Marsh, 1986). Establishment:Established in Florida (F. Gallardo pers. comm. to J. Peña). Impact:Not reported. | F. Gallardo pers. comm. to J. Peña Marsh, 1986 Smith et al., 1994 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Schoenlandella diaphaniae (Marsh) Braconidae For species description, see (Marsh, 1986). Former generic placement in Cardiochiles ; no other synonyms (Yu, 2017). | 1986 USA, Florida (from South America) (Marsh, 1986) | Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll) Crambidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing was done before release. Literature hosts include only the 2 target hosts Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll) and Diaphania hyalinata (L.) (Smith et al., 1994). | Genus Crambidae (2 species in 1 genus, Diaphania) | E+/I? Release:Released in Florida, USA (Marsh, 1986). Establishment:Established in Florida (F. Gallardo pers. comm. to J. Peña). Impact:Not reported. | F. Gallardo pers. comm. to J. Peña Marsh, 1986 Smith et al., 1994 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Spathius agrili Yang Braconidae For species description, see Yang et al. (2005). No synonyms given in Yu (2017). | 2007 USA, Michigan and, later, in many other eastern U.S. states (from China) (Duan et al., 2010b) | Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire Buprestidae | HRT+ Host-range testing was done before release. Of 17 woodborers collected from the field in China, none other than the target pest produced Spathius agrili (Yang et al., 2008). Of 9 non-target Agrilus species presented to S. agrili in the laboratory in China or the USA, 5 species were attacked, but only 1 (Agrilus mali Matsumura) supported successful development to yield adult females (Yang et al., 2008) (see Gould, 2007 for summary of host specificity information). | Genus Buprestidae (2 species in 1 genus, Agrilus) | E?/I- Release:Released in Michigan, USA (Duan et al., 2010b; Van Driesche et al., 2016) and other eastern U.S. states (Duan et al., 2010b). Establishment:Next year recoveries made in Michigan, USA following release, but populations appear to have died out later (J. Duan and J. Gould, pers. comm.). Potential establishment in Maryland, USA has been reported (Jennings et al., 2016). Impact:No impact on target pest. | Duan et al., 2010b Gould, 2007 J. Duan, pers. comm. J. Gould, pers. comm. Jennings et al., 2016 Van Driesche et al., 2016 Yang et al., 2005 Yang et al., 2008 Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Spathius galinae Belokobylskij and Strazanac Braconidae For species description, see Belokobylskij et al. (2012). No synonyms in literature. | 2015 USA, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts (from the Russian Far East) (J. Duan and R. Van Driesche, pers. comm.) | Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire Buprestidae | HRT- Host-range testing done before release. Of 15 wood-boring insects tested, including 5 species of non-target Agrilus, only one species was parasitized: Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer, an important invasive pest of native oaks in California (Duan et al., 2015a). | Genus Buprestidae (2 species in 1 genus, Agrilus) | E+/I+ Release:Released in the northeastern United States (J. Duan and R. Van Driesche, pers. comm.). Establishment:Recovered at 6 of 6 sites in the northeastern USA one year after last release (J. Duan and R. Van Driesche, pers. comm.). Impact:High levels of parasitism were observed at 3 of 6 sites in the northeastern USA in 2018, one year after last release, with low or medium levels at the other 3 sites (J. Duan and R. Van Driesche, pers. comm.). | Belokobylskij et al., 2012 Duan et al., 2015a J. Duan, pers. comm. R. Van Driesche, pers. comm. Ryall, 2017 Ryall et al., 2019 |
| Parasitoid | Syngaster lepidus Brullé Braconidae Synonyms include only Iphiaulax morleyi (Austin et al., 1994). | 1993 USA, California (from Australia) (Paine et al., 1995; Paine and Millar, 2003) | Phoracantha recurva Newman Cerambycidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include (1) Phoracantha semipunctata (F.) (Moore, 1963) and (2) Phoracantha recurva Newman (Millar et al., 2002). | Genus Cerambycidae (2 species in 1 genus). Likely restricted to hosts on eucalypts due to attraction to host plant odors. | E+/I? Release:Released in California, USA (Paine et al., 1995; Paine and Millar, 2002). Establishment:Established in California (Paine et al., 1995). Impact:Not determined. | Austin et al., 1994 Millar et al., 2002 Moore, 1963 Paine and Millar, 2003 Paine et al., 1995 |
| Parasitoid | Syngaster lepidus Brullé Braconidae Synonyms include only Iphiaulax morleyi (Austin et al., 1994). | 1993 USA, California (from Australia) (Paine et al., 1995; Paine and Millar, 2003) | Phoracantha semipunctata (F.) Cerambycidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include (1) Phoracantha semipunctata (F.) (Moore, 1963) and (2) Phoracantha recurva Newman (Millar et al., 2002). | Genus Cerambycidae (2 species in 1 genus). Likely restricted to hosts on eucalypts due to attraction to host plant odors. | E+/I? Release:Released in California, USA (Paine et al., 1995; Paine and Millar, 2002). Establishment:Established in California (Paine et al., 1995). Impact:Not determined. | Austin et al., 1994 Millar et al., 2002 Moore, 1963 Paine and Millar, 2003 Paine et al., 1995 |
| Parasitoid | Tamarixia dahlsteni Zuparko Eulophidae Introduced as Tamarixia sp. For species description , see Zuparko et al. (2011). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1992 USA, California (from Australia) (Dahlsten et al., 1995) | Trioza eugeniae Froggatt Triozidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. No other hosts listed in the literature. Noyes (2017) lists no other species as hosts. | Species? Triozidae (known only from the target pest) | E+/I+ Release:Released in California, USA (Dahlsten et al., 1995). Establishment:Established in California (Dahlsten et al., 2000). Impact:“Effectiveness controlling eugenia psyllid has varied from near complete control in most warmer areas [in California] to ineffective control, particularly in cooler areas such as the city of San Francisco” (Dahlsten et al., 2000). | Dahlsten et al., 1995 Dahlsten et al., 2000 Noyes, 2017 Zuparko et al., 2011 |
| Parasitoid | Tamarixia radiata (Waterson) Eulophidae Noyes (2017) lists three synonyms: (1) Tamarixia radiatus (Waterston), (2) Tetrastichus indicus Khan and Shafee, and (3) Tetrastichus radiatus Waterston. | 1999–2011 USA: (1) Florida: 1999 (from Taiwan) (Michaud, 2002b). (2) California: 2011 (from Pakistan) (Hoddle, 2012) | Diaphorina citri Kuwayama Liviidae | HRT+ Host-range testing done before release. Of 7 non-target psyllids (sensu latu) tested, there was no parasitism of 5 native species or 1 adventive species. The second adventive species, Bactericera cockerelli Sulc (Triozidae), a common pest species, was attacked at a low rate (5%) (Hoddle and Pandey, 2014). Literature hosts include only Diaphorina citri (Husain and Lal, 1920) and Pallipsylla hyalina (Mathur) (Psyllidae) (Noyes, 2017). The literature record of T. radiatus attacking Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Triozidae) (Annecke and Cilliers, 1963) in South Africa has been determined to be in error, as the parasitoid attacking this host was really Tetrastichus dryi Waterston (Prinsloo, 1980). | Three Families Liviidae (1 species, the target pest) Psyllidae (1 species) Triozidae (1 species) | E+/I+ Release:(1) Florida, USA: Released in Florida (Michaud, 2002b). (2) California, USA: Released in California (Hoddle, 2012). Establishment:(1) Florida: Established in Florida (Michaud, 2002b). (2) California: Established in California (Hoddle, 2012). Impact:(1) Florida: In some studies, impact was limited by effect of predators (Michaud, 2004), but in others, significant levels of parasitism (20–56%) were reported in Florida citrus (Qureshi et al., 2009). (2) California: The contribution of this parasitoid in the context of other sources of mortality in California was studied by Kistner et al. (2016), who determined that the net reproductive rate of the pest was reduced 55–95% by T. radiata and a complex of generalist predators. | Annecke and Cilliers, 1963 Hoddle and Pandey, 2014 Hoddle, 2012 Husain and Lal, 1920 Kistner et al., 2016 Michaud, 2002b Michaud, 2004 Noyes, 2017 Prinsloo, 1980 Qureshi et al., 2009 |
| Parasitoid | Telenomus remus Nixon Platygastridae For species description, see Nixon (1937). No synonyms found in literature. | 1988–1989 USA, southern Florida (from Asia [likely Malaysia] via Puerto Rico and the Cayman Islands) (Bennett, 1994). Released earlier (in 1975) in Florida, but failed to establish (Waddill and Whitcomb, 1982). | Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) Noctuidae | HRT+ Host-range testing was done before release. Thirty-nine non-target species were tested. Of those not in the Noctuidae, there were 7 Arctiidae, 1 Ctenuchidae, 5 Geometridae, 1 Mimallonidae, 2 Notodontidae, and 2 Pyralidae. Of these non-noctuids, only 1 species (a pyralid) was parasitized. Of the 21 noctuids tested, 11 species in 11 genera were parasitized (Wojcik et al., 1976). Literature host records include (all Noctuidae unless stated otherwise): (1) Spodoptera mauritia Boisduval (Nixon, 1937); (2) Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lever, 1943); (3) Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Gerling and Schwartz, 1974); (4) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Sinha, 1982); (5-7) Agrotis spinifera (Hübner), Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), and Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Gautam, 1986); (8) Plusia signata F. (Joshi et al., 1989); (9-10) Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Creatonotos gangis (L.) (Erebidae) (Bughio et al., 1994); (11) Spodoptera cosmioides Walker (Goulart et al., 2011); (12) Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) (Pomari et al., 2013); and (13) Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Erebidae) (Bueno et al., 2014). | Three Families Noctuidae (20 species in 11 genera, concentrated in Spodoptera with 8 species), Pyralidae (1 species), Erebidae (2 species in 2 genera) | E+/I? Release:Released in southern Florida, USA (Bennett, 1994). Establishment:The recovery of several specimens (in 2009–2013) from sentinel egg masses of S. frugiperda in Florida that matched (via barcoding) colonies of T. remus in Ecuador and Honduras suggest this parasitoid established in Florida (Hay-Roe et al., 2015). Impact:No information available. | Bennett, 1994 Bueno et al., 2014 Bughio et al., 1994 Gautam, 1986 Gerling and Schwartz, 1974 Goulart et al., 2011 Hay-Roe et al., 2015 Joshi et al., 1989 Lever, 1943 Nixon, 1937 Pomari et al., 2013 Sinha, 1982 Waddill and Whitcomb, 1982 Wojcik et al., 1976 |
| Parasitoid | Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière Eulophidae Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Tetrastichodes brontispae Ferrière. | 1986–1991 USA, Hawaii (from Guam in 1986 and Java in 1991) | Brontispa chalybeipennis (Zacher) Chrysomelidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include the following chrysomelids: (1) Brontispa longissimi (Gestro) ( syn Brontispa froggatti) (Awibowo, 1934; Lever, 1936); (2) Brontispa mariana Spaeth (Lange, Jr., 1950); (3) Gestronella centrolineata (Fairmaire) (Appert, 1974); and (4) Octodonta nipae (Maulik) (Tang et al., 2014). Noyes (2017) lists one additional host: Brontispa palauensis (Esaki and Chujo) (Chrysomelidae). | Family Chrysomelidae (6 species in 3 genera of coconut-leafmining beetles) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Hawaii (Funasaki et al., 1988). Establishment:Established in Hawaii (Culliney and Nagamine, 2000). Impact:“By 1988, visible damage to coconuts in the areas of infestation in Honolulu had been reduced” (Culliney and Nagamine, 2000). | Appert, 1974 Awibowo, 1934 Culliney and Nagamine, 2000 Funasaki et al., 1988 Lange, Jr., 1950 Lever, 1936 Noyes, 2017 Tang et al., 2014 |
| Parasitoid | Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang Eulophidae For species description, see (Yang et al., 2006). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 2007 USA, Michigan (from northeastern China) (Duan et al., 2010b, 2013) | Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire Buprestidae | HRT- Host-range testing done before release. Of 6 non-target Agrilus species collected in the field in China, none were attacked. Of 5 non-target Agrilus and 6 buprestids in other genera examined in laboratory tests, none were attacked (Gould, 2007). Literature host records include only the target pest, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Liu et al., 2007). Noyes (2017) lists no other species as hosts. | Species Buprestidae (known only from the target pest) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Michigan, USA (Duan et al., 2010b, 2013). Establishment:Established in Michigan (Duan et al., 2010b, 2013) and later in many other states. Impact:Rates of parasitism in study plots in Michigan reached 20% in mid-sized ash trees, suggesting partial control of the pest (Duan et al., 2013, 2014, 2015b). Parasitism is substantially higher (40-80%) in sapling-sized ash (Duan et al., 2017). | Duan et al., 2010b Duan et al., 2013 Duan et al., 2014 Duan et al., 2015b Duan et al., 2017 Gould, 2007 Liu et al., 2007 Noyes, 2017 Yang et al., 2006 Ryall, 2017 Ryall et al., 2019 |
| Parasitoid | Tetrastichus setifer Thomson Eulophidae Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Aprostocetus setifer (Thomson). | 1999 USA, Rhode Island and other New England states (from Switzerland, France, and other parts of Europe) (Tewksbury, 2014; Tewksbury et al., 2017) | Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli) Chrysomelidae | HRT+ Host-range testing done before release (Gold, 2003; Kenis et al., 2003; Casagrande and Kenis, 2004; USDA APHIS, 2017). Of 2 non-target European species of Lilioceris (L. merdigera [L.] and L. tibialis [Villa]) tested, both were attacked. Of 8 species of North American non-Lilioceris species (6 in the same family; 2 in other families), none were attacked (Casagrande and Kenis, 2004). No other literature host records were found. Noyes (2017) lists no other species as hosts. | Genus Chrysomelidae (3 species in 1 genus, Lilioceris). Functionally monophagous in North America, where there are no native Lilioceris species, although a species in the genus (Lilioceris cheni Gressit and Kimoto) has recently been released in Florida as a weed biocontrol agent of air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera L.) (Featured Creatures, 2017a). | E+/I+ Release:Released in Rhode Island, USA and other New England states (Tewksbury, 2014, Tewksbury et al., 2017). Establishment:Established in several New England states and spreading (Tewksbury et al., 2005; Tewksbury, 2014, Tewksbury et al., 2017). Impact:At two monitored T. setifer-release sites, pest density declined 50–88% in association with increasing parasitism over an 8–9 year period (Tewksbury et al., 2017). | Casagrande and Kenis, 2004 Gold, 2003 Kenis et al., 2003 Noyes, 2017 Tewksbury et al., 2005 Tewksbury et al., 2017 Tewksbury, 2014 USDA APHIS, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Tetrastichus setifer Thomson Eulophidae Noyes (2017) lists one synonym Aprostocetus setifer (Thomson). | 2010 Canada, Ontario (from Switzerland, France, and other parts of Europe via Rhode Island USA) (Cappaccino et al., 2013) | Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli) Chrysomelidae | HRT+ Host-range testing done before release (Gold, 2003; Kenis et al., 2003; Casagrande and Kenis, 2004; USDA APHIS, 2017). Of 2 non-target European species of Lilioceris (L. merdigera [L.] and L. tibialis [Villa]) tested, both were attacked. Of 8 species of North American non-Lilioceris species (6 in the same family; 2 in other families), none were attacked (Casagrande and Kenis, 2004). No other literature host records were found. Noyes (2017) lists no other species as hosts. | Genus Chrysomelidae (3 species in 1 genus, Lilioceris). Functionally monophagous in North America, where there are no native Lilioceris species, although a species in the genus (Lilioceris cheni Gressit and Kimoto) has recently been released in Florida as a weed biocontrol agent of air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera L.) (Featured Creatures, 2017a). | E+/I? Release:Released in Ontario, Canada (Cappaccino et al., 2013). Establishment:Established in Ontario (Cappaccino et al., 2013). Impact:Not yet determined. | Cappaccino et al., 2013 Casagrande and Kenis, 2004 Gold, 2003 Kenis et al., 2003 Noyes, 2017 USDA APHIS, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Thripobius javae (Girault) Eulophidae For species description, see Boucek (1976). One synonym: Thripobius semiluteus Boucek, the name under which most literature appears. Noyes (2017) does not list this species. | 1986–1989 USA, California (from Australia) (McMurtry, 1988; McMurtry et al., 1991) | Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché) Thripidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Froud et al. (1996) estimated T. javae’s host range to be in the Panchaetothripinae in the Thripidae. Evaluation of its potential for non-target effects in New Zealand (Froud and Stevens, 2003) concluded it was safe enough for introduction. No other literature host records. Noyes (2017) does not list this parasitoid species. | Subfamily Thripidae (various species of Panchaetothripinae) | E+/I? Release:Released in California, USA (McMurtry, 1988; McMurtry et al., 1991). Establishment:Established in California, USA (McMurtry et al., 1991). Impact:No information available. | Boucek, 1976 Froud and Stevens, 2003 Froud et al., 1996 McMurtry et al., 1991 McMurtry, 1988 Noyes, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman and Platner Trichogrammatidae Noyes (2017) lists two synonyms: (1) Trichogramma atopovirilla Oatman and Platner and (2) Trichogramma caiaposi Brun, Gomez de Moraes and Soares. | 1985–1987 USA, northern Texas (from Mexico) (Overholt and Smith, 1990) | Diatraea grandiosella Dyar Crambidae | HRT+ Host-range testing done before release. Laboratory host testing was done to determine if certain pest crambid borers (formerly part of Pyralidae) were susceptible to parasitism: Diatraea considerata Heinrich, D. saccharalis (F.), D. grandiosella Dyar, and Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) (Browning and Melton, 1987). Literature records include the following 16 hosts: (1) Diatraea grandiosella Dyar (Crambidae) (Rodríguez-del-Bosque et al., 1989); (2) Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Noctuidae) (Resende and Ciociola, 1996); (3) Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Noctuidae) (Foerster and Avanci, 1999); (4) Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Noctuidae) (Beserra et al., 2002); (5) (as a laboratory-rearing host) Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Pyralidae) (Nicoli et al., 2004); (6) Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Gelechiidae) (Morales et al., 2004); (7) Diatraea considerata Heinrich (Crambidae) (Vejar-Cota et al., 2005); (8) Ecdytolopha aurantianum (Lima) (Tortricidae) (Molina et al., 2005); (9) Diaphania hyalinata L. (Crambidae) (Melo et al., 2007); (10) Stenoma catenifer Walsingham (Depressariidae) (Nava et al., 2007); (11) Plutella xylostella (L.) (Plutellidae) (Pratissoli et al., 2008); (12) Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Noctuidae) (Bueno et al., 2009); (13) Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Noctuidae) (Milanez et al., 2009); (14) Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Noctuidae) (Andrade et al., 2011); (15) Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Crambidae) (Isas et al., 2016); and (16) Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) (Crambidae) (Browning and Melton, 1987). Noyes (2017) lists 7 additional species as hosts: (1) Anarsia geminella Amsel (Gelechiidae), (2) Alabama argillacea (Hübner) (Noctuidae), (3) Mamestra brassicae (L.) (Noctuidae), (4) Spodoptera sunia (Guenée) (Noctuidae), (5) Vanessa sp. (Nymphalidae), (6) (as a laboratory-rearing host) Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Pyralidae), and (7) Erinnyis ello (L.) (Sphingidae). | Order LEPIDOPTERA (9 families*): Crambidae (5 species in 3 genera), Noctuidae (9 species in 8 genera), Pyralidae (2 species in 2 genera), Tortricidae (1 species), Gelechiidae (2 species in 2 genera), Nymphalidae (1 species), Depressariidae (1 species), Sphingidae (1 species), and Plutellidae (1 species). *Many of these host records are based on laboratory tests and thus correspond to the physiological host range, which is expected to be wide given that insect eggs have no immune defenses. More such host records likely could be obtained by testing more species. The proportion of these species that are also parasitized in the field is unknown. | E-/I- Release:Released in northern Texas, USA (Overholt and Smith, 1990). Establishment:Not established in northern Texas (Overholt and Smith, 1990). Impact:Not applicable | Andrade et al., 2011 Beserra et al., 2002 Browning and Melton, 1987 Bueno et al., 2009 Foerster and Avanci, 1999 Isas et al., 2016 Melo et al., 2007 Milanez et al., 2009 Molina et al., 2005 Morales et al., 2004 Nava et al., 2007 Nicoli et al., 2004 Noyes, 2017 Overholt and Smith, 1990 Pratissoli et al., 2008 Resende and Ciociola, 1996 Rodríguez-del-Bosque et al., 1989 Vejar-Cota et al., 2005 |
| Parasitoid | Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen Trichogrammatidae For species description, see Pang and Chen (1974). Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Trichogramma ostrinia Pang et Chen. | 1991 USA, New York (from China) (M. Hoffmann pers, comm.; Gardner et al., 2013) | Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) Crambidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Post-release host-range testing showed that 13 tested species were parasitized (Hoffmann et al., 1995). Adults of T. ostriniae showed an innate response to odors of O. nubilalis,but not to Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Yong et al., 2007). Literature host records include (1) Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Crambidae) (Feng et al., 1977); (2) Leguminivora glycinivorella (Matsumura) (Tortricidae) (Song et al., 1982); (3) Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Pyralidae) (Gou, 1985); (4) Tetramoera schistaceana (Snellen) (Tortricidae) (Wang et al., 1985); (5) Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Crambidae) (Gou, 1988); (6) Lampronadata cristata Butler (Notodontidae) (Feng, 1988); (7) Plutella xylostella (L.) (Plutellidae) (Hirashima et al., 1990); (8) Chilo sacchariphagus (Bojer) (Crambidae) (Cheng et al., 1998); (9) Galleria mellonella (L.) (Pyralidae) (Cassanello et al., 2000); (10) Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Gelechiidae) (Hoffmann et al., 2001); (11) Eublemma amabilis Moore (Noctuidae) (Bhattacharya et al., 2006); (12) Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Crambidae) (Yuan et al., 2012); (13) Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Pyralidae) (St-Onge et al., 2016); and (14) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Crambidae) (Tian et al., 2017). Noyes (2017) lists 8 additional species as hosts: (1) Cnidocampa flavescens Walker (Limacodidae), (2) Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Noctuidae), (3) Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Noctuidae), (4) Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Noctuidae), (5) Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Noctuidae), (6) Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Crambidae), (7) Cadra cautella (Walker) (Pyralidae), and (8) Adoxophyes fasciata Walsingham (Tortricidae). | Order LEPIDOPTERA (8 families*): Crambidae (6 species in 3 genera), Pyralidae (4 species in 4 genera), Tortricidae (3 species in 3 genera), Noctuidae (5 species in 5 genera), Notodontidae (1 species), Plutellidae (1 species), Limacodidae (1 species), Gelechiidae (1 species). *Many of these host records are based on laboratory tests and thus correspond to the physiological host range, which is expected to be wide given that insect eggs have no immune defenses. More such host records likely could be obtained by testing more species. The proportion of these species that are also parasitized in the field is unknown. | E?/I? Release:Released in New York, USA (M. Hoffmann, pers. comm.). Establishment:It is possible that this species has established in New York, given that “positive identification of T. ostriniae from naturally occurring O. nubilalis eggs collected from field sites where augmentative releases had been made in previous years [has occurred in New York]” (Gardner et al., 2013). Impact:Augmentative releases of T. ostriniae in New York state, USA, reduced damage by O. nubilalis by 50% compared to untreated controls (Wright et al., 2002). The extent of impact, if any, of T. ostrinae as a classical biological control agent has not been reported. | Bhattacharya et al., 2006 Cassanello et al., 2000 Cheng et al., 1998 Feng et al., 1977 Feng, 1988 Gardner et al., 2013 Gou, 1985 Gou, 1988 Hirashima et al., 1990 Hoffmann et al., 1995 Hoffmann et al., 2001 M. Hoffmann pers, comm. Noyes, 2017 Pang and Chen, 1974 Song et al., 1982 St-Onge et al., 2016 Tian et al., 2017 Wang et al., 1985 Wright et al., 2002 Yong et al., 2007 Yuan et al., 2012 |
| Parasitoid | Trichogramma platneri Nagarkatti Trichogrammatidae For species description, see Nagarkatti et al. (1975). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 1986 USA, Guam (from California USA) (Nafus, 1991) | Penicillaria jocosatrix Guenée Noctuidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include (1) Boarmia selenaria Schiffermüller (Geometridae) (Wysoki and Renneh, 1985); Wysoki et al., 1988); (2) Sabulodes aegrotata (Guenée) (Geometridae) (Oatman et al., 1983); (3) Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Noctuidae) (Mansfield and Mills, 2004); (4) Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Noctuidae) (Manweiler, 1986); (5) Acrobasis nuxvorella Neunzig (Pyralidae) (García Nevárez and Tarango Rivero, 2013); (6) Cryptoblabes gnidiella Millière (Pyralidae) (Wysoki and Renneh, 1985; Wysoki et al., 1988); (7) Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Pyralidae) (Mansfield and Mills, 2004); (8) Manduca sexta (L.) (Sphingidae) (Mansfield and Mills, 2004); (9) Amorbia cuneana (Walsingham) (Tortricidae) (Oatman et al., 1983); (10) Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Tortricidae) (Lawson et al., 1997); (11) Cydia pomonella (L.) (Tortricidae) (Nagarkatti et al., 1975); (12) Cydia caryana (Fitch) (Tortricidae) (García Nevárez and Tarango Rivero, 2013); (13) Pandemis limitata (Robinson (Tortricidae) (Zhang and Cossentine, 1995); and (14) Plutella xylostella (L.) (Plutellidae) (Hohmann et al., 1989). Noyes (2017) lists 11 other species as hosts, for which no literature support was found: (1) Lambdina fiscellaria (Guenée) (Geometridae), (2) Atlides halesus (Cramer) (Lycaenidae), (3) Orgyia antiqua (L.) (Erebidae: Lymantriinae), (4) Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough) (Erebidae: Lymantriinae), (5) Agraulis vanillae (L.) (Nymphalidae), (6) Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Pyralidae), (7) Cadra cautella (Walker) (Pyralidae), (8) Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Pyralidae), (9) Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Crambidae), (10) Adoxophyes orana (Fischer von Röslerstamm (Tortricidae), and (11) Pandemis heparana (Denis & Schiffermüller (Tortricidae). | Order LEPIDOPTERA (10 families*): Pyralidae (6 species in 6 genera), Tortricidae (7 species in 5 genera), Plutellidae (1 species), Erebidae (2 species in 1 genus), Lycaenidae (1 species), Nymphalidae (1 species), Geometridae (3 species in 3 genera), Noctuidae (3 species in 3 genera), Sphingidae (1 species), and Crambidae (1 species). *Many of these host records are based on laboratory tests and thus correspond to the physiological host range, which is expected to be wide given that insect eggs have no immune defenses. More such host records likely could be obtained by testing more species. The proportion of these species that are also parasitized in the field is unknown. | E-/I- Release:Released in Guam (Nafus, 1991). Establishment:Not established in Guam (Nafus, 1991). Impact:Not applicable | García Nevárez and Tarango Rivero, 2013 Hohmann et al., 1989 Lawson et al., 1997 Mansfield and Mills, 2004 Manweiler, 1986 Nafus, 1991 Nagarkatti et al., 1975 Noyes, 2017 Oatman et al., 1983 Wysoki and Renneh, 1985 Wysoki et al., 1988 Zhang and Cossentine, 1995 |
| Parasitoid | Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja Trichogrammatidae For species description, see Nagaraja (1978). Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Trichogramma bactrae. | 1986 USA, California (from Australia) (Naranjo et al., 1995) | Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) Gelechiidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature hosts include 24 host species: (1) Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Noctuidae) Supharngkasen (1979); (2) Achaea janata (L.) (Noctuidae) (Rao et al., 1980); (3) Chilo indicus (Kapur) (Crambidae) (Nagarkatti, 1980); (4) Chilo infuscatellus Snellen (Crambidae) (Nagarkatti, 1980); (5) Emmalocera depressella (Swinhoe) (Pyralidae) (Nagarkatti, 1980); (6) Acrocercops cramerella (Snellen) (Gracillariidae) (Lim, 1983); (7) Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Crambidae) (Lim, 1986); (8) Plutella xylostella (L.) (Plutellidae) (Klemm and Schmutterer, 1992); (9) Arotrophora arcuatalis (Walker) (Tortricidae) (Röhl and Woods, 1994); (10) Bactra venosana (Zeller) (Tortricidae) (Visalakshy and Jayanth, 1995); (11) Earias insulana (Boisduval) (Nolidae) (El-Hafez, 1995); (12–13) Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Tortricidae) and Ctenopseustis obliquana (Walker) (Tortricidae) (Stevens, 1995); (14) Pseudohypatopa pulverea (Meyrick) (Blastobasidae) (Sushil et al., 1999); (15–18) (as laboratory-rearing hosts): Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Gelechiidae), Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Pyralidae), Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Noctuidae), Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Gelechiidae) (Shalaby et al., 2000); (19) Opisina arenosella Walker (Oecophoridae) (Jalali et al., 2002); (20) Etiella sp. (Crambidae) (Marwoto and Nasir Saleh, 2003); (21) Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Noctuidae) (Mesbah et al., 2003); (22) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Crambidae) (Perera et al., 2015); and (23) Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Gelechiidae) (Goda et al., 2015). Noyes (2017) lists 17 additional species as hosts, for which literature records were not found: (1) Sepedon sauteri Hendel (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), (2) Pectinophora scutigera (Holdaway) (Gelechiidae), (3) Pelopidas mathias (Fabricius) (Hesperiidae), (4) Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) (Noctuidae), (5) Earias vittella (Fabricius) (Noctuidae), (6) Thysanoplusia orichalcea (Fabricius) (Noctuidae), (7) Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Noctuidae), (8) Pieris rapae (L.) (Pieridae), (9) Pieris brassicae (L.) (Pieridae), (10) Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Crambidae), (11) Chilo sacchariphagus (Bojer) (Crambidae), (12) Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Crambidae), (13) Parapoynx stagnalis (Zeller) (Crambidae), (14) Scirpophaga intacta (Walker) (Crambidae), (15) Agrius convolvuli (L.) Sphingidae, (16) Eucosma sp. (Tortricidae), and (17) Tetramoera schistaceana (Snellen) (Tortricidae). | Two Orders LEPIDOPTERA (13 families*): Tortricidae, Plutellidae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae, Sphingidae, Crambidae, Gelechiidae, Oecophoridae, Hesperiidae, Gracillariidae, Nolidae, Blastobasidae, and Pieridae. The host range is dominated by Crambidae (10 species), Noctuidae (8 species), Tortricidae (6 species), and Gelechiidae (4 species). DIPTERA (1 species of Sciomyzidae). *Many of these host records are based on laboratory tests and thus correspond to the physiological host range, which is expected to be wide given that insect eggs have no immune defenses. More such host records likely could be obtained by testing more species. The proportion of these species that are also parasitized in the field is unknown. | E-/I- Release:Released in California, USA for augmentative biocontrol (Naranjo et al., 1995). Establishment:Not established in California (Naranjo et al., 1992; S. Naranjo, pers. comm.). Impact:The pest was not being targeted for permanent, areawide suppression; no report was found of establishment outside of augmentative release sites. | El-Hafez, 1995 Goda et al., 2015 Jalali et al., 2002 Klemm and Schmutterer, 1992 Lim, 1983 Lim, 1986 Marwoto and Nasir Saleh, 2003 Mesbah et al., 2003 Nagaraja, 1978 Nagarkatti, 1980 Naranjo et al., 1992 Naranjo et al., 1995 Noyes, 2017 Perera et al., 2015 Rao et al., 1980 Röhl and Woods, 1994 S. Naranjo, pers. comm. Shalaby et al., 2000 Stevens, 1995 Supharngkasen, 1979 Sushil et al., 1999 Visalakshy and Jayanth, 1995 |
| Parasitoid | Trichomma cnaphalocrocis Uchida Ichneumonidae No synonyms given in Yu (2017). | 1986 USA, Guam (from Taiwan) (D. Nafus, unpub. data) | Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) Crambidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature hosts include (1) Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Crambidae) (Clark, 1934) and (2) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Crambidae) (Barrion et al., 1979). | Family Crambidae (3 species in 2 genera) | E?/I? Release:Released in Guam (D. Nafus, unpub. data). Establishment:Establishment in Guam unknown. Impact:No information available. | Barrion et al., 1979 Clark, 1934 D. Nafus, unpub. data Yu, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) Scelionidae Synonyms are Microphanurus basalis, Asolcus basalis, Telenomus megacephalus, and Microphanurus megacephalus. | 1987–1989 USA, California (from France, Italy, and Spain) (Hoffmann et al., 1991). This parasitoid is native to the eastern United States (Miller, 1928) but was introduced to California from Europe (Hoffmann et al., 1991). | Nezara viridula L. Pentatomidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Hosts records in the literature include at least 26 species, all pentatomids: (1) Euschistus conspersus Uhler (Weber et al., 1996); (2–5) Thyanta pallidovirens (Stål), Chlorochroa uhleri (Stål), Chlorochroa ligata (Say), and Murgantia histrionica (Hahn) (Hoffmann et al., 1991); (6–7) Euschistus servus Say and Euthyrkynchus floridanus L. (Miller, 1928); (8) Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Shapiro et al., 1975); (9) Aelia rostrata Boheman (Gallego et al., 1979); (10–11) Acrosternum sp. and Thyanta perditor (F.) (Corrêa-Ferreira, 1986); (12) Axiagastus cambelli Distant (Johns, 1941); (13–17) Acrosternum marginatum (Palisot), Alcaeorrhynchus grandis (Dallas), Murgantia histrionica (Hahn), Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), and Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Buschman and Whitcomb, 1980); (18–19) Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas) and Euschistus heros (F.) (Panizzi and Slansky, 1985); (20–21) Oechalia schellembergii (Guérin-Meneville) and Cermatulus nasalis (Westwood) (Awan, 1989); (22) Agonoscelis rutile Fabricius (Clarke and Walter, 1994); (23) Plautia affinis Dallas (Coombs and Khan, 1998); (24) Atelocera raptoria Germar (Haddad and Louw, 2006); (25) Graphosoma lineatum (L.) (Forouzan et al., 2013); and (26) Oebalus insularis Stål (Zachrisson et al., 2014). | Family Pentatomidae (27 species in 21 genera) | E+/I+ Release:Released in California, USA (Hoffmann et al., 1991). Establishment:Established in California (Ehler, 2002). Impact:Hoffmann et al., (1991) deployed sentinel egg masses of N. viridula to measure field parasitism rates and found, for different months, years, and locations, a range of parasitism from 1–83% for all eggs deployed. Ehler (2002) reports that T. basalis was the most common parasitoid of N. viridula egg masses deployed as sentinel hosts in northern California. | Awan, 1989 Buschman and Whitcomb, 1980 Clarke and Walter, 1994 Coombs and Khan, 1998 Corrêa-Ferreira, 1986 Ehler, 2002 Forouzan et al., 2013 Gallego et al., 1979 Haddad and Louw, 2006 Hoffmann et al., 1991 Johns, 1941 Miller, 1928 Panizzi and Slansky, 1985 Shapiro et al., 1975 Weber et al., 1996 Zachrisson et al., 2014 |
| Parasitoid | Uga menoni Kerrich Chalcididae Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Neotainania brevicorpus Husain and Agarwal. | 1987–1990 USA: Maryland (1987), Florida (1990) (from Korea) (Lee et al., 1988) | Epilachna varivestis Mulsant Coccinellidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature host records include (1) Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata (F.) (Azam et al., 1974) and (2) Epilachna ocellata Redtenbacher (Dhingra et al., 1986) (both Coccinellidae). Noyes (2017) lists no other species as hosts. | Family Coccinellidae (3 species in 2 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in Maryland, USA (see p. 206 of Barbosa et al., 1994) and Florida, USA (see p. 19 of Frank and McCoy, 1993). Establishment:Not established in Maryland (see p. 206 of Barbosa et al., 1994) or Florida (see p. 19 of Frank and McCoy, 1993) Impact:Not applicable | Azam et al., 1974 Barbosa et al., 1994 Dhingra et al., 1986 Frank and McCoy, 1993 Lee et al., 1988 Noyes, 2017 |
| Predator | Chilocorus circumdatus (Schoenherr) Coccinellidae No synonyms noted. | 1996 USA, Florida (from SE Asia via Australia where it invaded naturally) (see Table 1, p. 154 of Frank and McCoy, 2007) | Unaspis citri (Comstock) Diaspididae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Literature prey records include the following scales, all in the Diaspididae, unless noted otherwise (1) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Rutherford, 1914a); (2) Rutherfordia major (Cockerell) (Rutherford, 1914b); (3) Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) (Dupont, 1931); (4) Coccus viridis (Green) (Coccidae) (Illingworth, 1929); (5) Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) (Das, 1979); (6) Aspidiotus nerii Bouché (Houston, 1991); (7) Unaspis citri (Comstock) (Smith et al., 1995); (8) Aulacaspis rosarum Borchsenius (Chen, 1998); and (9) Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) (Elder and Bell, 1998). | Two Families Diaspididae (8 species in 8 genera), Coccidae (1 species) | E+/I? Release:Released in Florida, USA (see Table 1, p. 154 of Frank and McCoy, 2007). Establishment:Established in Florida (H. Browning, pers. comm., in Table 1, p. 154 of Frank and McCoy, [2007]). Impact:Not evaluated. | Chen, 1998 Das, 1979 Dupont, 1931 Elder and Bell, 1998 Frank and McCoy, 2007 H. Browning, pers. comm. Houston, 1991 Illingworth, 1929 Rutherford, 1914a Rutherford, 1914b Smith et al., 1995 |
| Predator | Chilocorus kuwanae (Silvestri) Coccinellidae No synonyms noted. | 1984–1995 USA: 1984 Maryland and Delaware (from Korea) (Drea and Carlson, 1987); 1990–1995, Massachusetts (from China) (Van Driesche et al., 1998a) | Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Diaspididae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Field prey include various diaspidid scales: (1) Unaspis yanonenis (Kuwana) (Nohara, 1962); (2) Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Chumakova, 1967); and (3) Quadraspidiotus macroporanus Takagi (Tachikawa, 1974). Xia et al. (1986) record 28 species in 5 families, including the mealybug Pseudococcus citriculus Green (Itioka and Inoue, 1996), the coccid Protopulvinaria mangiferae (Green) (Kim and Morimoto, 1998), and the eriococcid Eriococcus lagerstroemiae Kuwanae (Luo et al., 2000). See Bull et al. (1993) for other prey. | Order HEMIPTERA (5 or more families in the Coccoidea, especially the Diaspididae) | E+/I+ Release:Released in the USA in Maryland and Delaware (Drea and Carlson, 1987) and in Massachusetts (Van Driesche et al., 1998a). Establishment:Established widely in the northeastern USA (Drea and Carlson, 1987; Van Driesche et al., 1998b). Impact:Scale infestation levels were significantly reduced (Van Driesche et al., 1998b; Van Driesche and Nunn, 2003). | Bull et al., 1993 Chumakova, 1967 Drea and Carlson, 1987 Itioka and Inoue, 1996 Kim and Morimoto, 1998 Luo et al., 2000 Nohara, 1962 Tachikawa, 1974 Van Driesche and Nunn, 2003 Van Driesche et al., 1998a Van Driesche et al., 1998b Xia et al., 1986 |
| Predator | Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) Chrysopidae This name is loosely applied to a species complex of European green lacewings, recognition of whose member species requires both morphological and genetic information and studies of courtship songs (Henry et al., 2002; Lourenço et al., 2006; Bozsik et al., 2014). Since separation of these species have only recently been achieved, names in the non-taxonomic literature are difficult to relate to entities below the complex level. | 2011 USA, Guam (from unknown source) (G. Reddy, pers. comm.). Chrysoperla carnea sl populations from Europe have been mass-reared commercially for augmentative biocontrol of aphids and other Hemiptera in greenhouses, and the origin of C. carnea as released in Guam could not be determined for this catalog. | various aphids and other Hemiptera | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. The species is highly polyphagous on Hemiptera and eggs of insects of various other orders (Bozsik et al., 2014). | Multiple Orders | E?/I? Release:Released in Guam (G. Reddy, pers. comm.). Establishment:Whether the species established in Guam was not determined. Impact:Unknown | Bozsik et al., 2014 G. Reddy, pers. comm. Henry et al., 2002 Lourenço et al., 2006 |
| Predator | Clitostethus arcuatus (Rossi) Coccinellidae One synonym: Nephus arcuatus. | 1989–1990 USA, California (from Israel) (Bellows et al., 1992a) | Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) Aleyrodidae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Literature prey records (all Aleyrodidae unless indicated otherwise) include (1) Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) (Golfari, 1937); (2) Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) (Priore, 1969); (3) Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) (as T. desmodii) (Anon., 1977); (4) Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Agekyan, 1977); (5) Aleurothrixus floccosus Maskell (Katsoyannos et al., 1997); (6) Stenaleyrodes vinsoni Takahashi (Russell and Etienne, 1985); (7) Aleurodes proletella L. (Bathon and Pietrzik, 1986); (8) Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hassan, 2001); and (9) Aleyrodes singularis Danzig (Yazdani and Zarabi, 2009). | Family Aleyrodidae (9 species in 7 genera) | E+/I- Release:Introduced into California, USA (Bellows et al., 1990). Establishment:Established in some areas of California but not others Bellows et al., 1992b). Impact:The pest was controlled by another introduced agent, Encarsia inaron, and any potential value C. arcuatus might have had became irrelevant. | Agekyan, 1977 Anon., 1977 Bathon and Pietrzik, 1986 Bellows et al., 1990 Bellows et al., 1992a Bellows et al., 1992b Golfari, 1937 Hassan, 2001 Katsoyannos et al., 1997 Priore, 1969 Russell and Etienne, 1985 Yazdani and Zarabi, 2009 |
| Predator | Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant) Coccinellidae | 1997 USA, U.S. Virgin Islands (from India) (Gautam, 2003; Kairo et al., 2000) | Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Pseudococcidae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Literature records exist of prey in over 8 families of Hemiptera (Kairo et al., 2013). | Order HEMIPTERA (8 or more families) | E+/I+? Release:Released in the U.S. Virgin Islands and throughout the Caribbean (Kairo et al., 2000). Establishment:Established throughout the Caribbean (Kairo et al., 2000, 2013). Impact:Control of target mealybug resulted throughout the Caribbean and was attributed to combination of Anagyrus kamali Moursi and C. montrouzieri (Kairo et al., 2000). | Fu-Castillo, 2008 Gautam, 2003 Kairo et al., 2000 Kairo et al., 2013 Santiago-Islas et al., 2008 Fu-Castillo and Grageda-Grageda, 2002 |
| Predator | Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant) Coccinellidae | 2004 Mexico, Nayarit and Jalisco (from India via the USA and Canada) (Gautam, 2003; Santiago-Islas et al., 2008) | Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Pseudococcidae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Literature records exist of prey in over 8 families of Hemiptera (Kairo et al., 2013). | Order HEMIPTERA (8 or more families) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Nayarit and Jalisco, Mexico (Santiago-Islas et al., 2008). Establishment:Established in Mexico (Santiago-Islas et al., 2008). Impact:Control achieved due to several natural enemies, with significant contribution by C. montrouzieri, mainly against high density patches (Santiago-Islas et al., 2008). | Fu-Castillo, 2008 Gautam, 2003 Kairo et al., 2000 Kairo et al., 2013 Santiago-Islas et al., 2008 Fu-Castillo and Grageda-Grageda, 2002 |
| Predator | Curinus coeruleus Mulsant Coccinellidae | 1986 USA, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands (from Hawaii USA) (see p. 82 of Nafus and Schreiner, 1989) | Heteropsylla cubana Crawford Psyllidae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Known prey include species in at least 5 families (including the target pest): (1) aphids (Aphididae), e.g., Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Nawanich et al., 2013); (2) whiteflies (Aleyrodidae), e.g., Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Villacarlos and Robin, 1992); (3) mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) (see p. 82 of Nafus and Schreiner, 1989), e.g. Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell) (Osborn, 1938); and (4) psyllids (Liviidae), e.g., Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Michaud, 2002b). | Order HEMIPTERA (at least 5 families) | E+/I? Release:Released in Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands (see p. 82 of Nafus and Schreiner, 1989). Establishment:Established on Guam and Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands) (see p. 82 of Nafus and Schreiner, 1989). Impact:Not determined (see p. 82 of Nafus and Schreiner, 1989). | Michaud, 2002b Nafus and Schreiner, 1989 Nawanich et al., 2013 Osborn, 1938 Villacarlos and Robin, 1992 |
| Predator | Cybocephalus nr nipponicus Enrody-Younga Nitidulidae Species is likely C. nipponicus Smith, 2006). | 1984–1995 USA: 1984 Maryland and Delaware (from Korea) (Drea and Carlson, 1987); 1990–1995 Massachusetts (from China) (Van Driesche et al., 1998a) | Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Diaspididae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Known field prey include various diaspidids, e.g., Quadraspidiotus macroporanus Takagi (Tachikawa, 1974) and Unaspis yanonensis Kuwana (Huang et al., 1981). Oviposition and development occur only in diaspidids, occurring in 6 of 9 species tested (Song et al., 2012). Adults can feed on mite eggs, e.g., Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Tanaka and Inoue, 1980) and other prey, in several families. | Family Diaspididae (various species in several genera support larval development; adults feed on a wider range of prey, including mite eggs) | E+/I? Release:Released in Maryland and Delaware, USA (Drea and Carlson, 1987) and later in Massachusetts, USA (Van Driesche et al., 1998a). Establishment:Established in Massachusetts (Van Driesche et al., 1998a). Establishment in Maryland and Delaware unknown. Impact:Not separately evaluated from positive impact of Chilocorus kuwanae (Silvestri) (Van Driesche et al., 1998b; Van Driesche and Nunn, 2003). | Drea and Carlson, 1987 Huang et al., 1981 Smith, 2006 Song et al., 2012 Tachikawa, 1974 Tanaka and Inoue, 1980 Van Driesche and Nunn, 2003 Van Driesche et al., 1998a Van Driesche et al., 1998b |
| Predator | Delphastus catalinae (Horn) Coccinellidae One synonym: Delphastus pusillus (LeConte). | 2011 USA, Guam (source not stated; likely, the USA mainland) (G. Reddy, pers. comm.). Native to California, USA (Anon., 1915a); moved from California to Florida, USA (Watson, 1919). | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No prey-range testing was done before release. Literature prey records include eggs of various whiteflies or spider mites, including the following: Aleyrodidae (1) Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) (Watson, 1923); (2) Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Smith, 1945); (3) Trialeurodes abutilonea (Haldane) (Watve and Clower, 1976); (4–5) Aleurothrixus floccosus Maskell and Paraleyrodes citri (Bondar) (Meyerdirk et al., 1980); (6) Dialeurodes citrifolii (Morgan) (Nguyen and Hamon, 1985); (7–8) Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar and Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance) (Gold et al., 1989); (9) Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Nelson and Parrella, 1992); and (10) Trialeurodes vaporariorum (García González et al., 2005). Tetranychidae (Acari): (1) Tetranychus fijiensis Hirst (Jing et al., 2003). | Phylum INSECTS: Aleyrodidae (10 species in 7 genera), MITES: Tetranychidae (1 species) | E?/I? Release:Released in Guam (G. Reddy, pers. comm.). Establishment:No information reported. Impact:No information reported. | Anon., 1915a G. Reddy, pers. comm. García González et al., 2005 Gold et al., 1989 Jing et al., 2003 Meyerdirk et al., 1980 Nelson and Parrella, 1992 Nguyen and Hamon, 1985 Smith, 1945 Watson, 1919 Watson, 1923 Watve and Clower, 1976 |
| Predator | Eriopis connexa (Germar) Coccinellidae No synonyms noted. | 1988 USA, New Jersey (source not recorded; it appears to be native to Chile and Agentina) (M. Mayer, pers. comm., New Jersey Dept. of Agriculture) | Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris Aphididae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Literature prey records include mostly aphids, but also whiteflies, psyllids, lepidopteran eggs, mite eggs, and stink bug eggs. Aphididae: (1) Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Lopez Cristobal, 1937); (2) Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Anon., 1972); (3) Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Carrillo and Mellado, 1975); (4) Myzocallis coryli (Goeze) (Aguilera and Pacheco, 1995); (5) Cinara atlantica (Wilson) (Oliveira et al., 2004); (6) Myzus nicotianae Blackman (Fuentes-Contreras et al., 2004); (7–9) Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe), and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Duarte Gómez and Zenner de Polanía, 2006); (10) Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis) (Resende et al., 2006); (11) Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Reviriego et al., 2006); (12) Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Sarmento et al., 2007). Aleyrodidae: (1) Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Link and Costa, 1980). Psyllidae: (1) Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell) (Sáiz et al., 2003). Lepidopteran eggs: (1) Colias lesbia (F.) (Pieridae) (Botto and de Crouzel, 1981); (2) Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) (Noctuidae) (Araya et al., 1997); (3) Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Noctuidae) (Tavares et al., 2010). Mites in several families: (1) Eriophyes vitis (Pagenstecher) (Eriophyidae) (Gartel, 1972); (2) Tetranychus evansi Baker and Pritchard (Tetranychidae) (Sarmento et al., 2007). Pentatomidae eggs: (1) Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Ribeiro and Castiglioni, 2008). | Phylum INSECTS: Aphididae (15 species in 14 genera), Aleyrodidae (1 species), Psyllidae (1 species), LEPIDOPTERAN EGGS (3 species in 3 genera in 2 families), Pentatomidae eggs (1 species), MITES: MITE EGGS (2 species in 2 families) | E?/I? Release:Released in New Jersey, USA (M. Mayer, pers. comm., New Jersey Dept. of Agriculture). Establishment:No information reported. Impact:No information reported. | Aguilera and Pacheco, 1995 Anon., 1972 Araya et al., 1997 Botto and de Crouzel, 1981 Carrillo and Mellado, 1975 Duarte Gómez and Zenner de Polanía, 2006 Fuentes-Contreras et al., 2004 Gartel, 1972 Link and Costa, 1980 Lopez Cristobal, 1937 M. Mayer, pers. comm., New Jersey Dept. of Agriculture Oliveira et al., 2004 Resende et al., 2006 Reviriego et al., 2006 Ribeiro and Castiglioni, 2008 Sáiz et al., 2003 Sarmento et al., 2007 Tavares et al., 2010 |
| Predator | Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) Coccinellidae Synonyms include Ptychanatis axyridis, Leis axyridis, and Coccinella axyridis. | 1999 Mexico, Quintana Roo (native to China, but proximal source of this introduction not stated, likely the USA) (Munguía, 2002; López-Arroyo et al., 2008). Note: H. axyridis was present in northern Mexico (apparently due to natural dispersal from the USA [H. C. Arredondo-Bernal, pers. comm.]) for several years before release in southern Mexico. | Toxoptera citricola Kirkaldy Aphididae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Literature prey records include the following: Aphididae: (1) Toxoptera piricola Matsumura (Aphididae) (Hukusima and Kondô, 1962); (2) Aphis pomi de Geer (Savoiskaya, 1970); (3–6) Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), Macrosiphum ibarae Matsumura, Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy), Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Okamoto and Sato, 1973); (7) Lachnus tropicalis (van der Goot) (Togoshi, 1976); (8–10) Schizaphis graminum(Rondani), Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Fye, 1981); (11) Aphis gossypii Glover (Choi and Kim, 1985); (12) Chromaphis juglandicola Kaltenbach (Li, 1992); (13) Phorodon humuli (Schrank) (Trouvé, 1995); (14) Macrosiphum rosae (L.) (Ferran et al., 1996); (15) Aphis spiraecola Patch (Lucas et al., 1997); (16) Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas (Lieten, 1998); (17) Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy (Michaud, 1999); (18) Aphis craccivora Koch (El-Arnaouty et al., 2000); (19) Prociphilus tessellatus (Fitch) (Butin et al., 2004); (20) in the laboratory: Myzus lythri (Schrank) (Matos and Obrycki, 2006); (21) Aphis glycines Matsumura (Mignault et al., 2006); (22) Mindarus abietinus Koch (Berthiaume et al., 2007); (23) Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) (Brown and Mathews, 2007); (24) Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Li et al., 2008); (25–27) Chaitophorus populeti (Panzer), Hyalopterus amygdali (Blanchard), and Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Zhang et al., 2008); (28) Microlophium carnosum Buckton (Alhmedi et al., 2008); (29–30) Macrosiphum albifrons (Essig), Macrosiphum pseudorosae Patch (Finlayson et al., 2010); and (31) Cinara cupressobium tujafilina (Del Guercio) (Glavendekic´ et al., 2013). Pseudococcidae: (1) Phenacoccus azaleae Kuwana (Xie et al., 2004). Aleyrodidae: (1) Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Lin et al., 2006); (2) Pealius akebiae (Kuwana) (Dang et al., 2010); (3) Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) (Guo et al., 2013). Coccoidea: (1) Matsucoccus massonianae Young & Hu (Monophlebidae ) (Wang, 1982); (2) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti) (Diaspididae) (Park and Kim, 1990); (3) Matsucoccus thunbergianae Miller and Park (Monophlebidae) (Choi et al., 1995a); (4) Comstockaspis macroporanus (Takagi) (Diaspididae) (Choi et al., 1995b); (5) Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Diaspididae) (Shi et al., 1997); (6) Physokermes shanxiensis Tang (Coccidae) (Wu and Yu, 2000); (7) Ericerus pela (Chavannes) (Coccidae) (Zhao et al., 2003); (8) Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett) (Diaspididae) (Chen et al., 2009). Psyllidae: (1) Cacopsylla pyricola (Forster) (Psyllidae) (Fye, 1981); (2) Psylla chinensis Yang et Li (Psyllidae) (Gai et al., 2001); (3) Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Liviidae) (Michaud, 2002b); (4) Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Moore (Psyllidae) (Nimmo and Tipping, 2009); (5) Acizzia jamatonica (Psyllidae) (Harizanova et al., 2012); (6) Paratrioza sinica Yang & Li (Psyllidae) (Wu et al., 2017) Coccinellidae (eggs or larvae): (1–2) Adalia bipunctata (L.) and Adalia decempunctata (L.) (Thomas et al., 2013). Other groups: (1) eggs of Gastrolina thoracica Baly (Chrysomelidae) (Vasil'Ev, 1963); (2) Hyphantria cunea Drury (Erebidae) (Kim et al., 1968); (3) Tetranychus urticae C. L. Koch (Tetranychidae) (Lucas et al., 1997); (4) Ophraella communa LeSage (Chrysomelidae) (Moriya et al., 2002); (5) Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Tetranychidae) (Villanueva et al., 2004); (6) Adelges tsugae Annand (Adelgidae) (Butin et al., 2004); (7) eggs and larvae (in laboratory) of Galerucella calmariensis L. (Chrysomelidae) (Matos and Obrycki, 2006); (8) Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer (Cecidomyiidae) (Corlay et al., 2007); (9) Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida (Tetranychidae) (Omata, 2008); (10) Oides decempunctata (Billberg) (Chrysomelidae) (Li et al., 2010); (11) Demotina fasciculata (Baly) (Chrysomelidae) (Guo et al., 2013); (12) Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch (Phylloxeridae) (Kögel et al., 2013); and (13) Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Miridae) (Li et al., 2017). | Multiple Orders A highly polyphagous species with prey in 1 family of mites and 4 orders of insects, dominated by species of aphids. Literature records cited here (an incomplete list) include 63 prey species, of which 3 were eggs of spider mite species (Tetranychidae) and the rest were insects. Insect prey include 31 aphids (Aphididae), 1 mealybug (Pseudococcidae), 3 whiteflies (Aleyrodidae), 2 monophlebid scales, 4 armored scales (Diaspididae), 2 soft scales (Coccidae), 5 psyllids (Psyllidae), 1 psyllid in Liviidae, 2 ladybird beetles (an undercount) (Coccinellidae), 5 leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), 1 erebid moth, 1 adelgid, and 1 species each in Cecidomyiidae, Miridae, and Phylloxeridae. | E?/I? Release:Released in Quintana Roo, Mexico (Munguía, 2002; López-Arroyo et al., 2008). Establishment:Not determined, but likely. Impact:Impacts are not reported from Mexico, but are likely, based on earlier impacts on this pest in Florida, USA, where H. axyridis arrived before 1985. | Alhmedi et al., 2008 Berthiaume et al., 2007 Brown and Mathews, 2007 Butin et al., 2004 Chen et al., 2009 Choi and Kim, 1985 Choi et al., 1995a Choi et al., 1995b Corlay et al., 2007 Dang et al., 2010 El-Arnaouty et al., 2000 Ferran et al., 1996 Finlayson et al., 2010 Fye, 1981 Gai et al., 2001 Glavendekic´ et al., 2013 Guo et al., 2013 H. C. Arredondo-Bernal, pers. comm. Harizanova et al., 2012 Hukusima and Kondô, 1962 Kim et al., 1968 Kögel et al., 2013 Li et al., 2008 Li et al., 2010 Li et al., 2017 Li, 1992 Lieten, 1998 Lin et al., 2006 López-Arroyo et al., 2008 Lucas et al., 1997 Matos and Obrycki, 2006 Michaud, 1999 Michaud, 2002b Mignault et al., 2006 Moriya et al., 2002 Munguía, 2002 Nimmo and Tipping, 2009 Okamoto and Sato, 1973 Omata, 2008 Park and Kim, 1990 Savoiskaya, 1970 Shi et al., 1997 Thomas et al., 2013 Togoshi, 1976 Trouvé, 1995 Vasil'Ev, 1963 Villanueva et al., 2004 Wang, 1982 Wu and Yu, 2000 Wu et al., 2017 Xie et al., 2004 Zhang et al., 2008 Zhao et al., 2003 |
| Predator | Hippodamia undecimnotata (Schneider) Coccinellidae Synonyms include Adalia undecimnotata (Scheider), Ceratomegilla undecimnotata (Schneider), Coccinella undecimnotata Schneider, and Semiadalia undecimnotata Schneider (see https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id10834/) | 1989 USA, several western states (from former USSR) (Gordon and Vandenberg, 1991) | Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) Aphididae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Literature prey records include (1) Schizaphis graminum Rondani Moroshkina, 1930); (2) Aphis fabae Scopoli (Iperti, 1965); (3) Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Ferran and Larroque, 1977); (4) Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Ruzicka et al., 1981); and (5) Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) (Sikharulidze, 1986). | Family Aphididae (5 species in 5 genera) | E?/I? Release:Released in the western United States (Gordon and Vandenberg, 1991). Establishment:Not determined. Impact:Not determined. | Ferran and Larroque, 1977 Gordon and Vandenberg, 1991 https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id10834/ Iperti, 1965 Moroshkina, 1930 Ruzicka et al., 1981 Sikharulidze, 1986 |
| Predator | Laricobius nigrinus Fender Derodontidae No synonyms. | 2003 USA, Virginia and north to Massachusetts (from British Columbia, Canada) (Lamb et al., 2006). Inland population from Montana also released in Massachusetts (R. Van Driesche, pers. observ.) | Adelges tsugae Annand Adelgidae | HRT- Laboratory prey-range testing done before release. All 3 non-target adelgids tested (Adelges piceae [Ratzeburg], A. abietis [L.], Pineus strobi [Hartig]) elicited predator oviposition, but none supported full larval/pupal development; conifer-feeding aphids and scales tested did not elicit oviposition in paired choice tests. Eggs of all 3 non-target adelgids tested were consumed by adults of L. nigrinus (Zilahi-Balogh et al., 2002). | Species In the laboratory, no prey other than the target pest sustained complete larval development. In the laboratory, adults fed on eggs of 3 non-target adelgids. | E+/I? Release:Released in Virginia, USA (Lamb et al., 2006) and other eastern stataes. Establishment:Established in many sites in the Appalachian Mountains, from New Jersey south, in the eastern United States (Mausel et al., 2010). An inland population from Montana, USA (Mausel et al., 2011) was released in Massachusetts, USA, but likely did not establish (R. Van Driesche, pers. observ.). Impact:Clear population-level effects on A. tsugae by L. nigricus have not been demonstrated (Mausel et al., 2010). Effects in cage enclosure studies show prey suppression (Story et al., 2012). Cage exclosure studies are underway in both eastern and western United States (J. Elkinton, pers. comm.). | J. Elkinton, pers. comm. Lamb et al., 2006 Mausel et al., 2010 Mausel et al., 2011 R. Van Driesche, pers. observ. Story et al., 2012 Zilahi-Balogh et al., 2002 |
| Predator | Laricobius osakensis Montgomery and Shiyake Derodontidae No synonyms. For species description, see Montgomery et al. (2011). | 2012 USA, Virginia and West Virginia (from Japan) (Mooneyham et al., 2016) | Adelges tsugae Annand Adelgidae | HRT+ Laboratory prey-range testing done before release. No, or minimal, oviposition and no complete development on 6 non-target species tested: Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg), A. abietis (L.), Pineus strobi (Hartig) (all Adelgidae), Prociphilus tessellates (Fitch) (Aphididae), Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Diaspididae), and Fiorinia externa Ferris (Diaspididae). Some adult feeding on the 3 adelgids and 1 aphid, but not the 2 scales (Vieira et al., 2011). | Species In the laboratory, no prey other than the target pest sustained complete larval development. In the laboratory, adults fed on eggs of 3 non-target adelgids and 1 aphid. | E?/I? Release:Released in the eastern USA (Mooneyham et al., 2016). Establishment:Not yet determined. Impact:Not yet determined, but see Story et al. (2012) for results of field branch-cage evaluation studies. | Montgomery et al., 2011 Mooneyham et al., 2016 Story et al., 2012 Vieira et al., 2011 |
| Predator | Leucopis atritaris Tanasijtshuk Chamaemyiidae No synonyms noted in literature search. | 1991 Canada, Saskatchewan (from Kazakhstan) (Olfert et al., 2001) | Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) Aphididae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. No literature records of other prey were found. | Unknown No other prey records were found, but literature was very limited. | E-/I- Release:Released in Saskatchewan, Canada (Olfert et al., 2001). Establishment:Not established in Canada (Olfert et al., 2001). Impact:Not applicable | Olfert et al., 2001 |
| Predator | Leucopis ninae Tanasijtshuk Chamaemyiidae No synonyms noted. | 1991 Canada, Saskatchewan (from the former Yugoslavia) (Olfert et al., 2001) | Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) Aphididae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Literature records of prey include 3 additional aphids (Aphididae): (1) Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe (Abdul-Satar et al., 1988); (2) Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Dabiré et al., 1997); and (3) Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) (Duzgunes et al., 1982). | Family Aphididae (4 species in 4 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in Saskatchewan, Canada (Olfert et al., 2001). Establishment:Not established in Canada (Olfert et al., 2001). Impact:Not applicable | Abdul-Satar et al., 1988 Dabiré et al., 1997 Duzgunes et al., 1982 Olfert et al., 2001 |
| Predator | Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) Phytoseiidae “Neoseiulus californicus has a very complex taxonomic history. It was first described by McGregor in 1954 from lemon in California as Typhlodromus californicus. After 1954, it was moved to the genus Amblyseius and later to the genus Neoseiulus or Cydnodromus” (Featured Creatures, 2017b). | 2010 USA, Guam (from mainland USA) (G. Reddy, pers. comm.; Reddy and Bautista, 2012) | Tetranychus marianae McGregor Acari: Tetranychidae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Neoseiulus californicus is rated as a type II selective predator of spider mites that feeds more on spider mites (Tetranychidae) than on pollen or insects (Croft et al., 1998a). Prey species recorded here are not comprehensive, particularly within the Tetranychidae, in which most prey species are found. All non-tetranychid hosts likely to be field hosts, and which support complete predator development, are included. Literature prey records include the following spider mites (Tetranychidae): (1) Oligonychus pratensis (Banks) (Gilstrap et al., 1977); (2) Tetranychus urticae Koch (Oatman et al., 1977); (3) Tetranychus evansi Baker and Pritchard (de Moraes and McMurtry, 1985); (4) Oligonychus grypus Hirst (Ramírez et al., 1988); (5) Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Costa-Comelles et al., 1990); (6) Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Smith et al., 1996); and (7) Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker and Abbatiello (Hoddle et al., 1999). Other groups of prey in the literature include thrips and eggs of various mites: (1) Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thripidae) (Rodríguez-Reina et al., 1992); (2) Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) (Castagnoli and Falchini, 1993); (3) Phytonemus pallidus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) (Croft et al., 1998b); (4) Eriophyes dioscoridis Soliman & Abou-Awad (Eriophyidae) (El-Laithy and El-Sawi, 1998); (5) Aculops lycopersici (Tryon) (Eriophyidae) (Castagnoli et al., 2003); (6–7) Thrips palmi Karny and Franliniella intonsa Trybom (both Thripidae) (Mizobe et al., 2005); (8–9) Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank) (Glycyphagidae) and Acarus siro L. (Acaridae) (Simoni et al., 2006); and (10) Brevipalpus chilensis Baker (Tenuipalpidae) (Roberto Trincado, 2007). | Phylum MITES: Mites are the dominant prey, with 16 species in 6 families (Tetranychidae, Tarsonemidae, Eriophyidae, Glycyphagidae, Acaridae, and Tenuipalpidae). INSECTS: Insect prey are limited to thrips (Thripidae), including 3 species in 3 genera. | E?/I- Release:Released in Guam (Reddy and Bautista, 2012; G. Reddy, pers. comm.). Establishment:Not reported if this mite established or not, given that its use was for augmentative biocontrol. Impact:As an augmentative agent, N. californicus contributed to control of spider mites in Guam on eggplant crops (Reddy and Bautista, 2012), but no reports were found of continued impacts by self-sustaining populations of this mite. | Castagnoli and Falchini, 1993 Castagnoli et al., 2003 Costa-Comelles et al., 1990 Croft et al., 1998a Croft et al., 1998b de Moraes and McMurtry, 1985 El-Laithy and El-Sawi, 1998 Featured Creatures, 2017b G. Reddy, pers. comm. Gilstrap et al., 1977 Hoddle et al., 1999 Mizobe et al., 2005 Oatman et al., 1977 Ramírez et al., 1988 Reddy and Bautista, 2012 Roberto Trincado, 2007 Rodríguez-Reina et al., 1992 Simoni et al., 2006 Smith et al., 1996 |
| Predator | Oenopia conglobata (L.) Coccinellidae One synonym: Synharmonia conglobata. | 1990 USA, western states (The Uzbek Republic within the former USSR) (Gordon and Vandenberg, 1991). Note: this coccinellid was released earlier, in Washington state in 1977–1981, but failed to establish (Fye, 1981). | Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) Aphididae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Field prey records include (1) Matsucoccus josephi Bodenheimer et Harpaz (Monophlebidae) (Bodenheimer and Neumark, 1955); (2) Altica quercetorum Foudras (Chrysomelidae) (Plugaru, 1971); (3) Aphis craccivora Koch (Aphididae) (Kesten, 1975); (4–5) Brachycaudus amygdalinus (Schouteden) and Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach) (Aphididae) (Talhouk, 1977); (6) Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster) (Psyllidae) (Fye, 1981); (7) eggs of Altica spp. of flea beetles (Chrysomelidae) (Chen, 1982); (8) Euphyllura straminea Loginova (Aphalaridae) (Baki and Ahemed, 1985); (9) Hyadaphis tataricae (Aizenberg) (Aphididae) (Toros, 1986); (10) Eulecanium ciliatum (Douglas) (Coccidae) (Ülgentürk and Toros, 1999); (11) Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer (Psyllidae) (Mehrnejad, 2002); (12) Ceroplastes rusci (L.) (Coccidae) (Özsemerci and Aksit, 2003); (13) Chaitophorus leucomelas (Koch) (Aphididae) (Sadeghi et al., 2004); (14) Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) (Aphididae) (Yasar and Özger, 2005); (15) Acizzia jamatonica (Kuwayama) (Psyllidae) (Antonucci, 2005); (16) Dysaphis devecta Walker (Aphididae) (Bayram, 2009); (17) Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Aleyrodidae) (Wu et al., 2011); (18) Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel (Pseudococcidae) (Yigit and Telli, 2013); (19) Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Gracillariidae) (Elekcioglu, 2013); (20) Aphis punicae (Passerini) (Aphididae) (Rounagh and Samih, 2014); and (21) Caloptilia roscipennella (Hübner) (Gracillariidae) (Öztürk et al., 2015). | Three Orders HEMIPTERA: Aphididae (8 species in 5 genera), Monophlebidae (1 species), Coccidae (2 species in 2 genera), Psyllidae (3 species in 3 genera), Aphalaridae (1 species), Aleyrodidae (1 species), and Pseudococcidae (1 species); COLEOPTERA: Chrysomelidae (1 species); LEPIDOPTERA: Gracillariidae (2 species in 2 genera) | E-/I- Release:Released in the western United States (Gordon and Vandenberg, 1991). Establishment:Not established in the USA (Gordon and Vandenberg, 1991). Impact:Not applicable | Antonucci, 2005 Baki and Ahemed, 1985 Bayram, 2009 Bodenheimer and Neumark, 1955 Chen, 1982 Elekcioglu, 2013 Fye, 1981 Gordon and Vandenberg, 1991 Kesten, 1975 Mehrnejad, 2002 Özsemerci and Aksit, 2003 Öztürk et al., 2015 Plugaru, 1971 Rounagh and Samih, 2014 Sadeghi et al., 2004 Talhouk, 1977 Toros, 1986 Ülgentürk and Toros, 1999 Wu et al., 2011 Yasar and Özger, 2005 Yigit and Telli, 2013 |
| Predator | Rhizophagus grandis Gyllenhal Rhizophagidae | 1988 USA, Louisiana (from Europe) (Coulson et al., 2000) | Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier) Curculionidae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Literature prey records include 2 bark beetles (Curculionidae): (1) Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) (Palm, 1948; Gregoire, 1976) and (2) Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Wei et al., 2010). | Genus Curculionidae (Scolytinae) (3 known hosts in 1 genus, Dendroctonus) | E+/I? Release:Released in Louisiana, USA (Coulson et al., 2000). Establishment:Established in the USA (Coulson et al., 2000). Impact:Undetermined (Coulson et al., 2000). | Coulson et al., 2000 Gregoire, 1976 Palm, 1948 Wei et al., 2010 |
| Predator | Rhyzobius lophanthae Blaisdell Coccinellidae One synonym: Lindorus lophanthae. | 2005 USA, Guam (from Australia via Hawaii USA) (T. Marler, pers. comm.) | Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi Diaspididae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Literature prey records include 3 families: Diaspididae (1) Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) (Martelli, 1915); (2) Aonidiella aurantia Maskell (Flanders, 1930); (3) Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) (McKenzie, 1935); (4) Aulacaspis tegalensis Zehntner (D'Emmerez de Charmoy, 1937); (5) Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) (LaPorte, 1949); (6) Carulaspis minima (Signoret) (Bedford, 1949) (misidentified in Bedford as Carulaspis visci [Schrank] [Simmonds, 1958]); (7) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Ferro, 1963); (8) Aspidiotus destructor Signoret (Douglas, 1965); (9) Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) (Tippins, 1968); (10) Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock) (Abbassi, 1975); (11) Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret) Gaprindashvili, 1975); (12) Aspidiotus nerii (Bouché) (Matta, 1979); (13) Melanaspis glomerata (Green) (Mishra et al., 1981); (14) Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner) (Murray, 1982); (15) Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Viljoen, 1986); (16) Carulaspis juniperi (Bouché) (McNamara, 1991); (17) Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi (Flores, and Carlson, 2009); (18) Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) (Stathas et al., 2015); and (19) Diaspis boisduvalii (Signoret) (Kruidhof et al., 2017). Coccidae (1)Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) (Smith, 1943) and (2) Ceroplastes japonicus (Green) (Longo, 1985). Phoenicococcidae (1) Phoenicococcus marlatti (Cockerell) (Muñoz Irles et al., 2008). | Three Families Diaspididae (19 species in 11 genera), Coccidae (2 species in 2 genera), and Phoenicococcidae (1 species) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Guam (T. Marler, pers. comm.). Establishment:Established in Guam (T. Marler, pers. comm.). Impact:The predator suppressed scales on mature cycads (T. Marler, pers. comm.). | Abbassi, 1975 Bedford, 1949 D'Emmerez de Charmoy, 1937 Douglas, 1965 Ferro, 1963 Flanders, 1930 Flores, and Carlson, 2009 Gaprindashvili, 1975 Kruidhof et al., 2017 LaPorte, 1949 Longo, 1985 Martelli, 1915 Matta, 1979 McKenzie, 1935 McNamara, 1991 Mishra et al., 1981 Muñoz Irles et al., 2008 Murray, 1982 Simmonds, 1958 Smith, 1943 Stathas et al., 2015 T. Marler, pers. comm. Tippins, 1968 Viljoen, 1986 |
| Predator | Rodolia blackburni Ukrainsky Coccinellidae One synonym: Rodolia limbata; sometimes with the alternative generic placement of Novius. See Ukrainsky (2009) for nomenclatural changes. | 1997 Island nation of Palau* (from Northern Territories, Australia) (ACIAR, 1995; D. Sands, pers. comm., CSIRO [retired]). *Palau became independent of the USA in 1994. The project against the breadfruit ‘mealybug’ (Icerya aegyptiaca) overlapped this date and so is included here. | Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas) Monophlebidae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Literature prey-records include several monophlebid scales: (1) Drosicha contrahens Walker (Chu, 1933); (2) Drosicha corpulenta (Kuwana) (Lü et al., 2002); (3) Icerya sp. (Lethane, 1998); and (4) Icerya purchasi Maskell (Chen, 1936). | Family Monophlebidae (4 species in 2 genera) | E+/I+ Release:Released in Palau (ACIAR, 1995). Establishment:Established in Palau (ACIAR, 1995). Impact:Substantial impact occurred on the target pest (ACIAR, 1995). | ACIAR, 1995 Chen, 1936 Chu, 1933 D. Sands, pers. comm., CSIRO (retired) Lethane, 1998 Lü et al., 2002 Ukrainsky, 2009 |
| Predator | Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Sasaji and McClure) Coccinellidae One synonym: Pseudoscymnus tsugae. For species description, see Sasaji and McClure (1997). | 1994 USA, Connecticut (from Japan) (McClure and Cheah, 1998) | Adelges tsugae Annand Adelgidae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Post-release prey-range studies showed that eggs of 3 non-target adelgids (Adelges laricis Vallot, A. cooleyi [Gillette], Pineus strobi [Hartig]) and 1 non-target aphid (Prociphilus tessellates [Fitch]) were fed on by adult beetles but at lower rates than on the target pest. Larvae of S. tsugae could not develop when fed only P. tessellates (Butin et al., 2004). Literature prey records include several species of adelgids, including (1) Adelges tsugae Annand (Cheah and McClure, 1998) and (2) Adelges piceae Ratzeburg (Jetton et al., 2011). | Two Families Adelgidae (4 species in 2 genera supported larval development and adult feeding), Aphididae (1 species supported adult feeding, but not larval development) | E+/I- Release:Released in Connecticut, USA (McClure and Cheah, 1998). Establishment:Established in Connecticut (Cheah and McClure, 2000) and the southern Appalachian Mountains (Hakeem et al., 2010). Impact:No evidence of any population level impact on the target pest has been recorded. | Butin et al., 2004 Cheah and McClure, 1998 Cheah and McClure, 2000 Hakeem et al., 2010 Jetton et al., 2011 McClure and Cheah, 1998 Sasaji and McClure, 1997 |
| Predator | Scymnus coniferarum (Crotch) Coccinellidae | 2013 USA, North Carolina (from Washington state USA) (Montgomery and McDonald, 2010; M. Montgomery, pers. comm.) | Adelges tsugae Annand Adelgidae | HRT- Laboratory prey-range testing done before release (Montgomery and McDonald, 2010). Scymnus coniferarum did not feed on any prey offered in the laboratory other than adelgids. Adelgids that were suitable as prey were Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg), Pineus strobi (Hartig), and Pineus pini (Macquart) (Montgomery and McDonald, 2010). Non-target prey that were not attacked were woolly alder aphid (Paraprociphilus tessellates) (Aphididae), linden aphid (Eucallipterus tiliae) (Aphididae), Taxus mealybug (Dysmicoccus wistariae) (Pseudococcidae), and elongate hemlock scale (Fiorina externa) (Diaspididae) (Montgomery and McDonald, 2010). Literature prey records include (1) Pseudococcus pini (Kuwana) (Pseudococcidae) (Anon., 1915b) and (2) Adelges tsugae (Adelgidae) (Darr et al., 2016). | Family Adelgidae (4 species in 2 genera) | E?/I- Release:Released in the eastern United States (M. Montgomery, pers. comm.). Establishment:No evidence of establishment in the eastern USA (N. Havill, pers. comm.). Impact:Not applicable | Anon., 1915b Darr et al., 2016 M. Montgomery, pers. comm. Montgomery and McDonald, 2010 N. Havill, pers. comm. R. McDonald, pers. comm. |
| Predator | Scymnus frontalis (F.) Coccinellidae | 1988 USA, New Jersey (origin not stated) (M. Mayer, pers. comm., New Jersey Dept. of Agriculture) | Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris Aphididae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Literature records include (1) Gueriniella serratulae (Fabricius) (Monophlebidae) (Della Beffa, 1940); (2) Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (Argyriou and Katsoyannos, 1977) (Coccidae); (3) Parlatoria pergandii Comstock (Coccidae) (Panis et al., 1977); (4) Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Aphididae) (Naranjo et al., 1990); and (5–7) in the laboratory, larvae developed well on several aphids, including Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), Macrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae (F.), and Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Gibson et al., 1992). | Three Families Aphididae (4 species in 4 genera), Coccidae (2 species in 2 genera), and Monophlebidae (1 species) | E-/I- Release:Released in New Jersey, USA (M. Mayer, pers. comm., New Jersey Dept. of Agriculture). Establishment:Not established in New Jersey. Impact:Not applicable | Argyriou and Katsoyannos, 1977 Della Beffa, 1940 Gibson et al., 1992 Gordon and Vandenberg, 1991 M. Mayer, pers. comm., New Jersey Dept. of Agriculture Michels et al., 1997 Naranjo et al., 1990 Panis et al., 1977 |
| Predator | Scymnus frontalis (F.) Coccinellidae | 1988 USA, western states (origin not stated) (Gibson et al., 1992) | Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) Aphididae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Literature records include (1) Gueriniella serratulae (Fabricius) (Monophlebidae) (Della Beffa, 1940); (2) Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (Argyriou and Katsoyannos, 1977) (Coccidae); (3) Parlatoria pergandii Comstock (Coccidae) (Panis et al., 1977); (4) Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Aphididae) (Naranjo et al., 1990); and (5–7) in the laboratory, larvae developed well on several aphids, including Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), Macrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae (F.), and Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Gibson et al., 1992). | Three Families Aphididae (4 species in 4 genera), Coccidae (2 species in 2 genera), and Monophlebidae (1 species) | E?/I- Release:Released in the western United States (Gibson et al., 1992). Establishment:Not detected in western United States after release (Gordon and Vandenberg, 1991), but able to overwinter in field cages in the Texas High Plains (Michels et al., 1997). Impact:No impact recorded. | Argyriou and Katsoyannos, 1977 Della Beffa, 1940 Gibson et al., 1992 Gordon and Vandenberg, 1991 M. Mayer, pers. comm., New Jersey Dept. of Agriculture Michels et al., 1997 Naranjo et al., 1990 Panis et al., 1977 |
| Predator | Scymnus ningshanensis Yu and Yao Coccinellidae No synonyms noted. | 2007 USA, Connecticut (from western China) (Montgomery et al., 2015a) | Adelges tsugae Annand Adelgidae | HRT- Laboratory prey-range testing done before release (Butin et al., 2004). This lady beetle was found in China only on hemlock infested with Adelges tsugae and did not occur on nearby pine infested with another adelgid. In the laboratory, newly hatched larvae survived only if they could feed on hemlock woolly adelgid eggs (Montgomery et al., 2002). Of 3 non-target adelgids tested (Adelges laricis Vallot, A. cooleyi [Gillette], Pineus strobi [Hartig]), only 2 were fed on (A. cooleyi, P. strobi) when offered as eggs or adults. Nymphs of 1 non-target aphid, Prociphilus tessellates (Fitch) (Aphididae), were fed on by adult beetles at a lower rate than the target pest (Butin et al., 2004). | Two Families Adelgidae (3 species in 2 genera) and Aphididae (1 species) | E-/I- Release:Released in Connecticut, USA (Montgomery et al., 2015a). Establishment:Not established in the USA (Montgomery et al., 2015a). Impact:Not applicable | Butin et al., 2004 Montgomery et al., 2002 Montgomery et al., 2015a |
| Predator | Scymnus sinuanodulus Yu and Yao Coccinellidae No synonyms noted. | 2005-2011 USA, Connecticut (from western China) (Montgomery et al., 2015b) | Adelges tsugae Annand Adelgidae | HRT- Laboratory prey-range testing done before release (M. Montgomery, unpub. data). No other prey species are known from the literature. Oviposition and adult and larval feeding observed on several adelgids. Adult feeding (only) observed on one aphid species (M. Montgomery, unpub. data). | Two Families Adelgidae (3 species in 2 genera) and Aphididae (1 species) | E-/I- Release:Released in Connecticut, USA (Montgomery et al., 2015b). Establishment:Not established in the USA (M. Montgomery, pers. comm.). Impact:Field cage studies showed the ability to reproduce on the target pest (Montgomery et al., 2007). No open-field impacts recorded. | M. Montgomery, pers. comm. M. Montgomery, unpub. Data Montgomery et al., 2007 Montgomery et al., 2015b |
| Predator | Serangium parcesetosum Sicard Coccinellidae Formerly Catana parcesetosa. | 1996 USA, Texas (from India) (Legaspi et al., 1996) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Literature prey records include various other whiteflies (Aleyrodidae): (1) Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) (Antadze and Timofeeva, 1976), (2) Aleurolobus barodensis Maskell (Shah et al., 1986); (3) Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Satpute et al., 1986); (4) Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Natarajan, 1990); (5) Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) (Abboud and Ahmad, 1998); (6) Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Al-Zyoud and Sengonca, 2004); (7) Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) (Al-Zyoud, 2007); and (8) Aleurocanthus arecae David (Chandrika et al., 2007). One scale is recorded a suitable prey: Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) (Coccidae) (Aboud et al., 2014). Moth eggs were not eaten in laboratory tests (Legaspi et al., 1996). | Two Families Aleyrodidae (8 species in 6 genera) and Coccidae (1 species) | E?/I- Release:Released in Texas, USA (Legaspi et al., 1996). Establishment:Not known if established in Texas. Impact:None recorded. | Abboud and Ahmad, 1998 Aboud et al., 2014 Al-Zyoud and Sengonca, 2004 Al-Zyoud, 2007 Antadze and Timofeeva, 1976 Chandrika et al., 2007 Gould et al., 2008 Legaspi et al., 1996 Natarajan, 1990 Satpute et al., 1986 Shah et al., 1986 |
| Predator | Serangium parcesetosum Sicard Coccinellidae Formerly Catana parcesetosa. | 1996 USA, Puerto Rico (from India via laboratory colony in Texas USA) (Gould et al., 2008) | Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius) Aleyrodidae Formerly called Bemisia argentifolii (= Middle East-Asia Minor 1) | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Literature prey records include various other whiteflies (Aleyrodidae): (1) Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) (Antadze and Timofeeva, 1976), (2) Aleurolobus barodensis Maskell (Shah et al., 1986); (3) Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Satpute et al., 1986); (4) Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Natarajan, 1990); (5) Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) (Abboud and Ahmad, 1998); (6) Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Al-Zyoud and Sengonca, 2004); (7) Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) (Al-Zyoud, 2007); and (8) Aleurocanthus arecae David (Chandrika et al., 2007). One scale is recorded a suitable prey: Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) (Coccidae) (Aboud et al., 2014). Moth eggs were not eaten in laboratory tests (Legaspi et al., 1996). | Two Families Aleyrodidae (8 species in 6 genera) and Coccidae (1 species) | E?/I- Release:Released in Puerto Rico (Gould et al., 2008). Establishment:Not known if established in Puerto Rico. Impact:None recorded. | Abboud and Ahmad, 1998 Aboud et al., 2014 Al-Zyoud and Sengonca, 2004 Al-Zyoud, 2007 Antadze and Timofeeva, 1976 Chandrika et al., 2007 Gould et al., 2008 Legaspi et al., 1996 Natarajan, 1990 Satpute et al., 1986 Shah et al., 1986 |
| Predator | Sphaerophoria scripta (L.) Syrphidae No synonyms noted | 1988 USA, New Jersey (source not determined) (M. Mayer, pers. comm., New Jersey Dept. of Agriculture) | Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris Aphididae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Literature prey records include various aphids (Aphididae): (1) Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Grossheim, 1914); (2) Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) Moroshkina, 1930); (3) Aphis fabae Scopoli (Szalay-Marzsó, 1958); (4) Hyperomyzus lactucae (Kaltenbach) (Wiackowska, 1963); (5) Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Constantinescu, 1970); (6) Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) (Smolarz, 1970); (7) Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Mitic-Muzina and Srdic, 1977); (8) Hyadaphis tataricae (Aizenberg) (Toros, 1986); and (9) Brachycaudus helichrysi Kaltenbach (Voicu et al., 1987). Also recorded as a prey was Euphyllura straminea Loginova (Psyllidae) (Kaplan et al., 2016). | Two Families Aphididae (9 species in 9 genera) and Psyllidae (1 species) | E-/I- Release:Released in New Jersey, USA (M. Mayer, pers. comm., New Jersey Dept. of Agriculture). Establishment:No recovery after release in New Jersey. Impact:None recorded | Constantinescu, 1970 Grossheim, 1914 Kaplan et al., 2016 M. Mayer, pers. comm., New Jersey Dept. of Agriculture Mitic-Muzina and Srdic, 1977 Moroshkina, 1930 Smolarz, 1970 Szalay-Marzsó, 1958 Toros, 1986 Voicu et al., 1987 Wiackowska, 1963 |
| Predator | Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant) Coccinellidae | 2001 Mexico, Sonora (from India via the USA) (Fu-Castillo and Grageda-Grageda, 2002; Fu-Castillo, A.A. 2008) | Planococcus ficus (Signoret) Pseudococcidae | HRT- No laboratory prey-range testing done before release. Literature records exist of prey in over 8 families of Hemiptera (Kairo et al., 2013). | Order HEMIPTERA (8 or more families) | E?/I? Release: Released in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico (Fu-Castillo and Grageda-Grageda, 2002; Fu-Castillo, A.A. 2008) Establishment: Establishment in Sonora was not reported in Hermosillo against P. ficus. Impact: Control of the vine mealybug, P. ficus, was achieved but was due to another natural enemy, Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault). | Fu-Castillo, 2008 Gautam, 2003 Kairo et al., 2000 Kairo et al., 2013 Santiago-Islas et al., 2008 Fu-Castillo and Grageda-Grageda, 2002 |
| Predator | Neoselulus cucumeris (Oudemans) Phytoseiidae | 1995 Mexico, Mexico City (from commercial insectaries) | thrips Various Thripidae | HRT- No prey-range testing was done before release. Literature prey records include pollen (e.g., Matsuo et al., 2003), thrips (e.g., Castagnoli et al., 1990), and mite eggs (e.g., Buitenhuis et al., 2010). | Phylum ARTHROPODA: Prey include thrips (e.g., Castagnoli et al., 1990) and mite eggs (e.g., Buitenhuis et al., 2010); PLANTS: prey also includes pollen (e.g., Matsuo et al., 2003). | E?/I- Release: Released in greenhouses with populations sourced from commercial insectaries. Establishment: Not reported if this mite established or not, given that its use was for augmentative biocontrol. Impact: No pest was being targeted for permanent, areawide suppression; no report was found of establishment outside of augmentative release sites. Augmentative releases provide partial control of some species of pest thrips in greenhouses (Knapp et al., 2018). | Buitenhuis et al., 2010 Castagnoli et al., 1990 Kakkar et al., 2016 Knapp et al., 2018 Koppert, Mexico Matsuo et al., 2003 |
| Parasitoid | Aphidius colemani Viereck Braconidae | 1998 USA, Guam (from United Kingdom insectary) (Miller, 2019) | Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) Aphididae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. The species is known to attack only aphids, which provides adequate specificity for use in Guam, as Guam has no native aphids. Literature host records are summarized by Benelli et al. (2014) and include 21 aphid species, in 13 genera, especially species in the genus Aphis. | Family Aphididae (21 species in 13 genera, especially Aphis). This is a polyphagous pantropical aphid parasitoid, commonly used for augmentative biocontrol of aphids in greenhouses in many countries (van Lenteren, 2012). | E-/I- Release: Released in Guam (Miller, 2019). Establishment: Not established in Guam (Miller, 2019). Impact: Not applicable. | Acebes and Messing, 2013a Benelli et al., 2014 Messing and Klungness, 2001 R. Messing, pers. comm. Rhainds and Messing, 2005 Starý, 1975 van Lenteren, 2012 Miller, 2019 |
| Parasitoid | Cotesia vestalis (Kurdjumov) Braconidae This species was formerly known as Cotesia plutellae, and an earlier generic placement was in Apanteles. | 1995 Mexico, Baja California, Mexicali (from commercial insectary—ARBICO Organics, Arizona USA) (H. C. Arredondo-Bernal, pers. comm.) | Plutella xylostella (L.) Plutellidae Diamondback moth | HRT- No laboratory host-range estimation done before release in Florida or Mexico. Laboratory host range studies were done in New Zealand by Cameron and Walker (1997) who found successful reproduction (to the cocoon stage) in 8 of 13 species presented, in 5 families: Plutellidae, Pyralidae, Nymphalidae, Arctiidae, and Noctuidae. In laboratory tests, parasitism of the weed biological control agent Nyctemera amica (Arctiidae) ended the consideration of C. vestalis for introduction to Australia (Endersby and Cameron, 2004), and for the same reason it was decided not to introduce it to the Cook Islands (Walker et al., 2004). Laboratory-rearing hosts recorded in the literature include Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Pyralidae) (Wang et al., 1972) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Noctuidae) (Yadav et al., 2010). Field host records include (1) Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Noctuidae) (Joshi and Sharma, 1974); (2) Spodoptera litura (F.) (Noctuidae) (Chiu and Chou, 1976); (3) Ocnogyna baetica (Rambur) (Arctiidae) (Lipa et al., 1993); (4–5) Autographa gamma (L.) (Noctuidae) and Autographa nigrisigna (Walker) (Noctuidae) (Kaneko, 1993); (6) Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Noctuidae) (Guimarães et al., 1995); (7) Proclossiana eunomia (Esper) (Nymphalidae) (Waeyenbergh and Baguette, 1996); (8) Nyctemera amica (White) (Arctiidae) (Endersby and Cameron, 2004); and (9) Simyra dentinosa Freyer (Noctuidae) (Karimpour et al., 2005). | Five Families Plutellidae (1 species, the target pest), Noctuidae (7 species in 5 genera), Pyralidae (1 species), Arctiidae (2 species in 2 genera), Nymphalidae (1 species) | E?/I? Release: Released in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico (H. C. Arredondo-Bernal, pers. comm.) Establishment: Establishment not intended and not recorded. Impact: No information available. | Cameron and Walker, 1997 Chiu and Chou, 1976 Endersby and Cameron, 2004 Funasaki et al., 1988 Guimarães et al., 1995 H. C. Arredondo-Bernal, pers. comm. Joshi and Sharma, 1974 Kaneko, 1993 Karimpour et al., 2005 Lai and Funasaki, 1986 Lipa et al., 1993 Waeyenbergh and Baguette, 1996 Walker et al., 2004 Wang et al., 1972 Yadav et al., 2010 |
| Parasitoid | Copidosoma desantisi Annecke & Mynhardt Encyrtidae | ~1989 Mexico, Guanjuato (from Chile via California USA) (Cortez, 1990; Bahena-Juárez, 2008) | Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) Gelechiidae | HRT- No host range testing was done before release in Mexico. Literature host records include only the target pest and Eurysacca melanocampta (Meyrick) (Gelechiidae) (van Vliet, 2017). | Family Gelechiidae (known only from the target pest and 1 other species in a different genus of Gelechiidae) (van Vliet, 2017) | E?/I? Release: Released in Mexico (Bahena-Juárez, 2008) in about 1989 in the state of Guanajuato (Cortez, 1990; Cortez et al., 1991) and later in the state of Puebla (Bahena et al., 1993). Establishment: The parasitoid caused significant parasitism in release fields in the year of release, but no next year information was reported (Cortez, 1990; Cortez et al., 1993; Bahena et al., 1993). Impact: No information available. | Noyes, 2017 Rosenberg, 1945 Cortez, 1990 Cortez et al., 1993 Platner and Oatman, 1972 Annecke and Mynhardt, 1974 Bahena et al., 1993 Bahena-Juárez, 2008 van Vliet, 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Anagyrus callidus Triapitsyn, Andreason & Perring Encyrtidae Native to Taiwan (Triapitsyn et al., 2019), this parasitoid was described from southern California and Mexico after it was found to have been mistakenly released in the region as Angyrus kamali Moursi for control of pink mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green (Andreason et al., 2019). | 2002 USA: (1) Florida: 2002 (as unrecognized contaminant) (S. Triapitsyn, pers. comm.); (2) California: 2015 (from a contaminated mass rearing colony in Nayarit, Mexico; A. callidus originally from Taiwan) (Andreason et al., 2019; Triapitsyn et al., 2019) | Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Pseudococcidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. The introduction of Anagyrus callidus was accidental. The vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) was not parasitized in a laboratory test (Andreason et al., 2019). In general, species of Anagyrus attack only closely related genera of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae), but the specificity of A. callidus remains untested. | Family or lower Pseudococcidae (known only from the target pest, but no host range testing yet done) | E+/I+ Release: (1) Florida, USA: Released in Florida as unrecognized contaminant (based on voucher specimens checked by S. Triapitsyn). (2) California, USA: Released in California from 2015–2018 in the Coachella Valley (Andreason et al., 2019). Establishment: (1) Florida: No information available. (2) California: Species self-established in the Imperial Valley in southern California (Triapitsyn et al., 2019) before releases in the Coachella Valley. Impact: (1) Florida: No information is available for this species in Florida. (2) California: Control of the pest was successful in California (95% pest reduction), due to several released natural enemies, which originally were A. kamali as the dominant summer parasitoid and Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam & Agarwal as an important winter parasitoid (Roltsch et al., 2006). Anagyrus callidus displaced A. kamali in the Imperial Valley between 2006 and 2017 (Triapitsyn et al., 2019), and so can be credited with much of the current impact there. Impact in the Coachella Valley is not reported. | Roltsch et al., 2006 S. Triapitsyn, pers. comm. Andreason et al., 2019 Triapitsyn et al., 2019 |
| Parasitoid | Anagyrus callidus Triapitsyn, Andreason & Perring Encyrtidae Native to Taiwan (Triapitsyn et al., 2019), this parasitoid was described from southern California and Mexico after it was found to have been mistakenly released in the region as Angyrus kamali Moursi for control of pink mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green (Andreason et al., 2019). | 2002–2020 Mexico, various parts (as unrecognized replacement for Anagyrus kamali in mass rearing colony in facility in Nayarit, Mexico) (S. Triapitsyn, pers. comm.) | Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Pseudococcidae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. The introduction of Anagyrus callidus was accidental. The vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) was not parasitized in a laboratory test (Andreason et al., 2019). In general, species of Anagyrus attack only closely related genera of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae), but the specificity of A. callidus remains untested. | Family or lower Pseudococcidae (known only from the target pest, but no host range testing yet done) | E?/I? Release: Released in Mexico from 2002–2020 as unrecognized replacement for Anagyrus kamali in a mass rearing facility in Nayarit (S. Triapitsyn, pers. comm.). Reared for augmentative biocontrol releases in various parts of Mexico. Establishment: No information available. Impact: It is likely that much of the control of pink mealybug in Mexico attributed to Anagyrus kamali might be due, at least in part, or in some locations, to Anagryus callidus, but no field information is available. | Roltsch et al., 2006 S. Triapitsyn, pers. comm. Andreason et al., 2019 Triapitsyn et al., 2019 |
| Parasitoid | Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang Eulophidae For species description, see (Yang et al., 2006). Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 2013 Canada, Ontario (from northeastern China via USA) (Ryall, 2017; Ryall et al., 2019) | Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire Buprestidae | HRT+ Host-range testing done before release. Of 6 non-target Agrilus species collected in the field in China, none were attacked. Of 5 non-target Agrilus and 6 buprestids in other genera examined in laboratory tests, none were attacked (Gould, 2007). Literature host records include only the target pest, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Liu et al., 2007). Noyes (2017) lists no other species as hosts. | Species Buprestidae (known only from the target pest) | E+/I? Release: Released in Ontario, Canada (Ryall, 2017; Ryall et al., 2019). Establishment: Established in Ontario (Ryall et al., 2019). Impact: Not yet determined in Canada. | Duan et al., 2010b Duan et al., 2013 Duan et al., 2014 Duan et al., 2015b Duan et al., 2017 Gould, 2007 Liu et al., 2007 Noyes, 2017 Yang et al., 2006 Ryall, 2017 Ryall et al., 2019 |
| Parasitoid | Spathius galinae Belokobylskij and Strazanac Braconidae For species description, see Belokobylskij et al. (2012). No synonyms in literature. | 2017 Canada, Ontario (from the Russian Far East via USA) (Ryall, 2017; Ryall et al., 2019) | Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire Buprestidae | HRT+ Host-range testing done before release. Of 15 wood-boring insects tested, including 5 species of non-target Agrilus, only one species was parasitized: Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer, an important invasive pest of native oaks in California (Duan et al., 2015a). | Genus Buprestidae (2 species in 1 genus, Agrilus) | E?/I? Release: Released in Ontario, Canada (Ryall, 2017; Ryall et al., 2019). Establishment: Establishment not yet determined in Canada. Impact: No impact evaluation done yet in Canada. | Belokobylskij et al., 2012 Duan et al., 2015a J. Duan, pers. comm. R. Van Driesche, pers. comm. Ryall, 2017 Ryall et al., 2019 |
| Parasitoid | Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang Encyrtidae Noyes (2017) lists no synonyms. | 2015 Canada, Ontario (from northeastern China via USA) (Ryall, 2017; Ryall et al., 2019) | Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire Buprestidae | HRT+ Host range testing done before release. In the laboratory, of 6 non-target Agrilus, 3 were attacked (A. anxius Gory, A. bilineatus (Weber), and A. ruficollis (F.)) and 3 were not (A. cyanescens (Ratzeburg), A. egenus Curtis, and A. subcinctus Gory) (Gould, 2007). Of 6 non-target, non-Agrilus species tested, none were attacked (Gould, 2007). Noyes (2017) lists no other species as hosts. | Genus Buprestidae (4 species in 1 genus, Agrilus, but 3 only in the laboratory) | E?/I? Release: Released in Ontario, Canada (Ryall, 2017; Ryall et al., 2019). Establishment: Establishment not yet determined in Canada. Impact: No impact evaluation done yet in Canada. | Abell et al., 2014 Duan et al., 2010a Gould, 2007 Noyes, 2017 Ryall, 2017 Ryall et al., 2019 |
| Parasitoid | Telenomus remus Nixon Platygastridae For species description, see Nixon (1937). No synonyms found in literature. | 1995 Mexico, Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo de México (from Asia [likely Malaysia] via commercial or state-supported insectaries) (H. C. Arredondo-Bernal, pers. comm.) | Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) Noctuidae | HRT+ Host-range testing had been done in other locations before release in Mexico. Thirty-nine non-target species were tested. Of those not in the Noctuidae, there were 7 Arctiidae, 1 Ctenuchidae, 5 Geometridae, 1 Mimallonidae, 2 Notodontidae, and 2 Pyralidae. Of these non-noctuids, only 1 species (a pyralid) was parasitized. Of the 21 noctuids tested, 11 species in 11 genera were parasitized (Wojcik et al., 1976). Literature host records include (all Noctuidae unless stated otherwise): (1) Spodoptera mauritia Boisduval (Nixon, 1937); (2) Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lever, 1943); (3) Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Gerling and Schwartz, 1974); (4) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Sinha, 1982); (5-7) Agrotis spinifera (Hübner), Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), and Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Gautam, 1986); (8) Plusia signata F. (Joshi et al., 1989); (9-10) Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Creatonotos gangis (L.) (Erebidae) (Bughio et al., 1994); (11) Spodoptera cosmioides Walker (Goulart et al., 2011); (12) Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) (Pomari et al., 2013); and (13) Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Erebidae) (Bueno et al., 2014). | Three Families Noctuidae (20 species in 11 genera, concentrated in Spodoptera with 8 species), Pyralidae (1 species), Erebidae (2 species in 2 genera) | E?/I? Release: Released in the state of Mexico, Mexico (Arredondo-Bernal and Rodríguez-Vélez, 2020). Establishment: Used for augmentative biocontrol; establishment not intended. Impact: Undetermined. | Bueno et al., 2014 Bughio et al., 1994 Gautam, 1986 Gerling and Schwartz, 1974 Goulart et al., 2011 Joshi et al., 1989 Lever, 1943 Nixon, 1937 Pomari et al., 2013 Sinha, 1982 Arredondo-Bernal and RodrÃguez-Vélez, 2020 |
| Parasitoid | Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja Trichogrammatidae For species description, see Nagaraja (1978). Noyes (2017) lists one synonym: Trichogramma bactrae. | 1989 Mexico, Bajío region of Central Mexico (from commercial insectaries) (Bujanos et al., 1993; Salazar-Solís and Salas-Araiza, 2008) | Plutella xylostella (L.) Plutellidae Diamondback moth | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. Literature hosts include 24 host species: (1) Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Noctuidae) Supharngkasen (1979); (2) Achaea janata (L.) (Noctuidae) (Rao et al., 1980); (3) Chilo indicus (Kapur) (Crambidae) (Nagarkatti, 1980); (4) Chilo infuscatellus Snellen (Crambidae) (Nagarkatti, 1980); (5) Emmalocera depressella (Swinhoe) (Pyralidae) (Nagarkatti, 1980); (6) Acrocercops cramerella (Snellen) (Gracillariidae) (Lim, 1983); (7) Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Crambidae) (Lim, 1986); (8) Plutella xylostella (L.) (Plutellidae) (Klemm and Schmutterer, 1992); (9) Arotrophora arcuatalis (Walker) (Tortricidae) (Röhl and Woods, 1994); (10) Bactra venosana (Zeller) (Tortricidae) (Visalakshy and Jayanth, 1995); (11) Earias insulana (Boisduval) (Nolidae) (El-Hafez, 1995); (12–13) Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Tortricidae) and Ctenopseustis obliquana (Walker) (Tortricidae) (Stevens, 1995); (14) Pseudohypatopa pulverea (Meyrick) (Blastobasidae) (Sushil et al., 1999); (15–18) (as laboratory-rearing hosts): Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Gelechiidae), Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Pyralidae), Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Noctuidae), Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Gelechiidae) (Shalaby et al., 2000); (19) Opisina arenosella Walker (Oecophoridae) (Jalali et al., 2002); (20) Etiella sp. (Crambidae) (Marwoto and Nasir Saleh, 2003); (21) Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Noctuidae) (Mesbah et al., 2003); (22) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Crambidae) (Perera et al., 2015); and (23) Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Gelechiidae) (Goda et al., 2015). Noyes (2017) lists 17 additional species as hosts, for which literature records were not found: (1) Sepedon sauteri Hendel (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), (2) Pectinophora scutigera (Holdaway) (Gelechiidae), (3) Pelopidas mathias (Fabricius) (Hesperiidae), (4) Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) (Noctuidae), (5) Earias vittella (Fabricius) (Noctuidae), (6) Thysanoplusia orichalcea (Fabricius) (Noctuidae), (7) Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Noctuidae), (8) Pieris rapae (L.) (Pieridae), (9) Pieris brassicae (L.) (Pieridae), (10) Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Crambidae), (11) Chilo sacchariphagus (Bojer) (Crambidae), (12) Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Crambidae), (13) Parapoynx stagnalis (Zeller) (Crambidae), (14) Scirpophaga intacta (Walker) (Crambidae), (15) Agrius convolvuli (L.) Sphingidae, (16) Eucosma sp. (Tortricidae), and (17) Tetramoera schistaceana (Snellen) (Tortricidae). | Two Orders LEPIDOPTERA (13 families*): Tortricidae, Plutellidae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae, Sphingidae, Crambidae, Gelechiidae, Oecophoridae, Hesperiidae, Gracillariidae, Nolidae, Blastobasidae, and Pieridae. The host range is dominated by Crambidae (10 species), Noctuidae (8 species), Tortricidae (6 species), and Gelechiidae (4 species). DIPTERA (1 species of Sciomyzidae). *Many of these host records are based on laboratory tests and thus correspond to the physiological host range, which is expected to be wide given that insect eggs have no immune defenses. More such host records likely could be obtained by testing more species. The proportion of these species that are also parasitized in the field is unknown. | E-/I- Release: Released in Bajío region, Mexico (Bujanos et al., 1993; Salazar-Solís and Salas-Araiza, 2008). Establishment: Not established in Mexico (Bujanos et al., 1993; Salazar-Solís and Salas-Araiza, 2008). Impact: The pest was not being targeted for permanent, areawide suppression; no report was found of establishment outside of augmentative release sites. | El-Hafez, 1995 Goda et al., 2015 Jalali et al., 2002 Klemm and Schmutterer, 1992 Lim, 1983 Lim, 1986 Marwoto and Nasir Saleh, 2003 Mesbah et al., 2003 Nagaraja, 1978 Nagarkatti, 1980 Naranjo et al., 1992 Naranjo et al., 1995 Noyes, 2017 Perera et al., 2015 Rao et al., 1980 Röhl and Woods, 1994 Shalaby et al., 2000 Stevens, 1995 Supharngkasen, 1979 Sushil et al., 1999 Visalakshy and Jayanth, 1995 Bujanos et al., 1993 Salazar-SolÃs and Salas-Araiza, 2008 |
| Parasitoid | Aphidius colemani Viereck Braconidae | 1995 Mexico, state of Mexico, Federal District (from Koppert, a commercial insectary) (H. C. Arredondo-Bernal, pers. comm.) | Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) Aphididae | HRT- No laboratory host-range testing done before release. The species is known to attack only aphids. Literature host records are numerous and are summarized by Benelli et al (2014) and include 21 aphid species, in 13 genera, especially species in the genus Aphis. | Family Aphididae (21 species in 13 genera, especially Aphis). This is a polyphagous pantropical aphid parasitoid, commonly used for augmentative biocontrol of aphids in greenhouses in many countries (van Lenteren, 2012). | E+/I? Release: Released in Federal District, state of Mexico, Mexico (H. C. Arredondo-Bernal, pers. comm.) Establishment: Established in state of Guanajuato, Mexico (Salas-Araiza et al., 2017). Impact: Unknown | Benelli et al., 2014 H. C. Arredondo-Bernal, pers. comm. Starý, 1975 van Lenteren, 2012 Salas-Araiza et al., 2017 |
| Parasitoid | Aphelinus abdominalis (Dalman) Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) list 20 synonyms | Available for commercial importation by private businesses for augmentative biocontrol | aphids—multiple species Various Aphididae | HRT- No host range testing done before release.This appears to be a parasitoid of a variety of aphids (Noyes [2017) lists 29 host aphids (Aphididae). | Family Aphididae | E?/I- Release: Releases made privately, without records Establishment: No records of field establishment Impact: No pest was being targeted for permanent, areawide suppression; no report was found of establishment outside of augmentative release sites. | Acheampong et al., 2012 |
| Parasitoid | Aphelinus abdominalis (Dalman) Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) list 20 synonyms | Available for commercial importation by private businesses for augmentative biocontrol. The precise date of first usage is unknown for the Continental USA; 1998 is utilized as that is the first year of usage in Canada. | aphids—multiple species Various Aphididae | HRT- No host range testing done before release.This appears to be a parasitoid of a variety of aphids (Noyes [2017) lists 29 host aphids (Aphididae). | Family Aphididae | E?/I- Release: Releases made privately, without records Establishment: No records of field establishment Impact: No pest was being targeted for permanent, areawide suppression; no report was found of establishment outside of augmentative release sites. | |
| Parasitoid | Aphelinus abdominalis (Dalman) Aphelinidae Noyes (2017) list 20 synonyms | Available for commercial importation by private businesses for augmentative biocontrol | aphids—multiple species Various Aphididae | HRT- No host range testing done before release.This appears to be a parasitoid of a variety of aphids (Noyes [2017) lists 29 host aphids (Aphididae). | Family Aphididae | E+/I- Release: Releases made privately, without records Establishment: Established in the field in British Columbia (Acheampong et al., 2012) Impact: No pest was being targeted for permanent, areawide suppression; no report was found of establishment outside of augmentative release sites. | Noyes, 2017 Acheampong et al., 2012 |
*To cite the catalog database: Van Driesche, R., M. J. W. Cock, R. L. Winston, R. Reardon, and R. D. Weeks, Jr. 2024. Catalog of Species Introduced into Canada, Mexico, the USA, or the USA Overseas Territories for Classical Biological Control of Arthropods, 1985 to 2018. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Assessment and Applied Sciences Team, Morgantown, West Virginia. FHAAST-2018-09., USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Assessment and Applied Sciences Team. Available online at www.northamericanbiocontrol.com (Accessed 11/21/2024).
Catalog of Parasitoids and Predators Introduced into North America since 1985 for Classical Biological Control of Invasive Insects or Mites.